chapter 1a Flashcards
Define movement
Muscles contract to pull the bones of the skeleton
Define joint
Place where two or more bones meet
Define long bones
The bones of the legs and arms. Long bonds support the weight of the body and help with gross movements.
What is a synovial joint
Type of joint commonly found in the limbs; contains a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
What is cartilage
Flexible connective tissue, covers end of bones to reduce friciton
What is a capsule
Tough fibrous tissue - surrounds synovial joints; usually supported by ligaments
What are ligaments
attach bone to bone
What is a dislocation
When the bones of a joint separate from their normal position
What is synovial fluid
Slippery lubricant, produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint
What is a bursae
Fluid filled bags that help reduce friction in a joint
What are tendons
attach muscle to bone
What are the functions of the skeleton
support, protection, movement, structural shape and points for attachment, mineral storage, blood cell production
How does the skeleton support us
Bones keep us upright and hold muscles and organs in place
How does the skeleton protect us
Some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage (eg. Cranium protects brain in sports such as boxing and rugby)
What if the function of red blood cells
Carry oxygen to muscles
What is the function of white blood cells
Fight infection
Define vertebrae
Bones that form the spine/backbone
What is a hinge joint? Give an example.
Joint that allows flexion an extension, elbow and knee
Define flexion and extension
Flexion - decreasing the angle of the joint
Extension - increasing the angle of the joint
What is a ball and socket joint?
Joint that allows many movements- Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation
Define range of movement
A measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of the different movements allowed
Define abduction and adduction
Abduction-moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction-moving a body part toward the midline
Define rotation
turning a body part around its own axis
Define circumduction and give an example.
Movement when a limb is held straight and is moved as if to draw circles with the hand/foot at arms/legs length, eg is when serving in tennis
Define meniscus
Cartilage acting as a shock absorber between the tibia and femur in the knee joint.
What do the cruciate ligaments do
Attach tibia to femur in the knee joint
Define plantar flexion
Movement at ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee
What is the cranium?
Flat bone that offers protection for the brain
What is the vertebrae
Runs along spinal cord from head down to pelvis. Protects spinal cord and offers support for the weight of the body and the head
What is the scapula?
Wing bone, attaches the upper arm to the trunk of the body, allowing for movement of the arm to occur
What is the humerus
Long bone, located between elbow joint and shoulder joint (aka funny bone)
What sports could the humerus be especially needed for?
Swimming, javelin
What is the sternum
Breast bone, forms the front of the rib cage, offering protection to the lungs and heart
What are the ribs?
Found in chest, provide protection of vital organs (heart and lungs) while also supporting the chest and upper body structure, while also allowing for respiration
What is the ulna?
Connected with the humerus at the elbow joint. It is a short bone that allows for rotation of the forearm
What is the radius bone
Located in the forearm, primarily connects with the wrist joint
What sporting actions do the radius and ulna allow us to perform?
Throwing a ball effectively
What is the pelvis?
Hip bone, connects spin to the lower limbs. Offering the location for many muscles to join, the pelvis allows us to move, sit and kneel
What is the femur
Hip bone, connected the pelvis and transmits force from the tibia to the hip joint, also strongest and longest bone in the body
What is the tibia
Long bone that bears mist of the body’s weight and absorbs shock as we walk or run, plays essential role in movement of body as it connects at both the knee and ankle joint
What sporting activities do the hip bones allow us to perform
Jogging and running
What is the fibula
Calf bone, located laterally to the tibia, smaller bone that stabilises the ankle and supports the muscles in the lower leg
What is the talus
Connects the foot with the lower leg which allows lower body movement from the ankle
What are synovial joints
Free moving joints that are surrounded by joint capsules.
What are flat bones function?
Protect vital organs
Explain how different parts of a synovial joint provide support to stabilise the joint
Joint capsule provides stability; ligaments join bones to bone.
Name the bones that form the elbow joint
humerus, radius, ulna
Explain how different parts of a synovial joint help it to move freely
Synovial fluid is produced from the synovial membrane and works as a lubricant; bursae are bags of fluid that help reduce friction.
Which type of synovial joint allows the greatest range of movement? Explain why
Ball and socket joint, allows the bone to move in several different directions (hip or shoulder)
What type of joint is the knee?
Synovial hinge joint
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
synovial hinge joint
What movements are possible at the ankle
Dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
Name the bones that form the knee joint
tibia and femur
Identify 3 different hinge joints
Knee, elbow, ankle
What movements are possible at the shoulder joint?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation
What is the correct term for straightening the knee
extension
How do the biceps and triceps react to lifting a dumbbell?
Biceps contract, triceps relax
Define muscular endurance
the ability to continue contracting a muscle, or group of muscles, against resistance, such as weights or body weight, over a period of time
Isotonic contractions
these occur when a muscle contracts and changes length and there are two types
isotonic concentric contraction
this involves the muscle shortening. The origin and insertion of the muscle move closer together and the muscle becomes fatter.
isotonic eccentric contraction
this involves the muscle lengthening whilst it is under tension. The origin and the insertion move further away from each other. An eccentric contraction provides the control of a movement on the downward phase and it works to resist the force of gravity.
Isometric contraction
this involves a muscle producing tension but staying the same length. This occurs when the body is fixed in one position.
Agonist muscle
muscle that contracts to produce a movement
Antagonist muscle
The muscle opposite the agonist, which must relax and lengthen during contraction of the agonist.
Agonist muscle at knee and ankle of driving leg in running
Quadriceps and gastrocnemius
Explain 2 ways in which blood is redistributed to different parts of body during exercise
Vasoconstriction - arterioles feeding the areas not needing so much blood become smaller, restricting blood flow to those tissues that are not needed during exercise (1)
• Vasodilation - arterioles feeding the areas needing more blood (muscles, skin or heart) become wider, increasing blood flow / to move tissues that are needed during exercise (1)
What happens to breathing after intensive exercise and why
Deep and quick breathing
The period of intensive exercise will have been anaerobic (1)
• To allow oxygen stores to be replenished / to repay the oxygen debt (1)
• To remove lactic acid from the body (1)
Examples of concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions
Concentric- upwards phase of bicep curl
Eccentric- downwards phase of push-up
Isometric- handstand
Sporting examples of abduction and adduction
Abduction- pull phase in breaststroke
Adduction- returning arms in breaststroke
How to tell if data is qualitative
Numerical and objective
No expressed opinion
