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Z A&P II Exam I > Chapter 19 PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 19 PowerPoint Flashcards

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1
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

The Blood Supply to the Heart
= Coronary circulation
supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
coronary arteries and cardiac veins

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2
Q

Coronary arteries:
Which two?
Originate?
Causes blood to flow into them?

A

left and right

originate at aortic sinuses

high blood pressure, elastic rebound forces blood through coronary arteries between contractions

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3
Q

Coronary arteries?

A

branches of the ascending aorta that supply blood to the heart; the left coronary artery feeds the left
side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum; the right coronary artery feeds the
right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system

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4
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A

Right Coronary Artery
Supplies blood to:

right atrium
portions of both ventricles
cells of sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular nodes

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5
Q

What two branches of RCA?

A

marginal arteries (surface of right ventricle)

posterior interventricular artery

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6
Q

Marginal artery?

A

branches of the right coronary artery that supply blood to the superficial portions of the right
ventricle

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7
Q

Posterior interventricular artery?

A

(also, posterior descending artery) branch of the right coronary artery that runs
along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart and gives rise to branches that
supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles

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8
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply blood to?

A

Left Coronary Artery
supplies blood to:

left ventricle
left atrium
interventricular septum

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9
Q

Two branches of LCA?

A

Circumflex artery

Anterior interventricular artery

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10
Q

What are the five cardiac veins and what do the drain/empty into?

A

great cardiac vein
Drains blood from area of anterior interventricular artery into coronary sinus

anterior cardiac veins
empty into right atrium

posterior cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein
empty into great cardiac vein or coronary sinus

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11
Q

Describe CAD?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation

cardiac muscle cells need a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients

reduction in blood flow to heart muscle produces a corresponding

reduction in cardiac performance

reduced circulatory supply, coronary ischemia, results from partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries

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12
Q

reduced circulatory supply, ____ ____, results from partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries

A

Coronary ischemia

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13
Q

What is classified as a heartbeat?

A

a single contraction of the heart

the entire heart contracts in series

1st, the atria
then the ventricles

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14
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Conducting system
controls and coordinates heartbeat

Contractile cells
produce contractions that propel blood

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15
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Intercalated discs
interconnect cardiac muscle cells:

secured by ____
linked by ____ ____
convey force of contraction
propagate action potentials

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Intercalated discs
interconnect cardiac muscle cells:

secured by desmosomes
linked by gap junctions
convey force of contraction
propagate action potentials

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16
Q

What is a unique feature of cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs interconnecting cardiac muscle cells

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17
Q

Intercalated disc?

A

hysical junction between adjacent cardiac muscle cells; consisting of desmosomes, specialized
linking proteoglycans, and gap junctions that allow passage of ions between the two cells

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18
Q

4 characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

small size

single, central nucleus

branching interconnections between cells

intercalated discs

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19
Q

The Cardiac Cycle
Begins with action potential at ____ ____
transmitted through ____ ____
produces action potentials in cardiac muscle cells (____ ____)

A

The Cardiac Cycle
Begins with action potential at SA node
transmitted through conducting system
produces action potentials in cardiac muscle cells (contractile cells)

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20
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

A

electrical events in the cardiac cycle can be recorded on an electrocardiogram

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21
Q

the ____ ____ is a system of specialized cardiac muscle cells
initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

A

the Conducting System is a system of specialized cardiac muscle cells
initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

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22
Q

What is automaticity?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

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23
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

a system of specialized cardiac muscle cells that
initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

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24
Q

Autorhythmicity?

A

ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction
that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control

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25
3 structures of the conducting system and there location?
Sinoatrial (SA) node – wall of right atrium Atrioventricular (AV) node – junction between atria and ventricles Conducting cells – throughout myocardium
26
Conducting Cells interconnect ____ and ____ nodes distribute stimulus through ____ in the atria they form ____ ____ in the ventricles the form ____ ____ and the ____ ____
Conducting Cells interconnect SA and AV nodes distribute stimulus through myocardium in the atria they form internodal pathways in the ventricles the form AV bundle and the bundle branches
27
Internodal pathway?
specialized conductile cells within the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node throughout the myocardial cells of the atrium and to the AV node
28
Prepotential: AKA? What is it? gradually ____ toward threshold ____ node depolarizes first, establishing heart rate
Prepotential also called pacemaker potential resting potential of conducting cells gradually depolarizes toward threshold SA node depolarizes first, establishing heart rate
29
SA node generates ____-____ action potentials per minute ____ stimulation slows heart rate AV node generates ____-____ action potentials per minute
SA node generates 80–100 action potentials per minute parasympathetic stimulation slows heart rate AV node generates 40–60 action potentials per minute
30
SA node: Where? Contains what type of cells? Connected to what? What does it begin?
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node: in posterior wall of right atrium contains pacemaker cells connected to AV node by internodal pathways begins atrial activation (Step 1)
31
AV node: Where? What does it receive? What does it do? What begins after?
The Atrioventricular (AV) Node: in floor of right atrium receives impulse from SA node (Step 2) delays impulse (Step 3) atrial contraction begins
32
AV bundle: Where? What does it do? Where does it carry the impulse?
The AV Bundle: in the septum carries impulse to left and right bundle branches which conduct to Purkinje fibers (Step 4) and to the moderator band which conducts to papillary muscles
33
Purkinje fibers: Where? What ends here? What begins here?
distribute impulse through ventricles (Step 5) atrial contraction is completed ventricular contraction begins
34
The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a recording of ____ events in the heart obtained by ____ at specific body locations abnormal patterns diagnose ____
The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a recording of electrical events in the heart obtained by electrodes at specific body locations abnormal patterns diagnose damage
35
Five steps of heart contractions
1. SA node begins atrial activation 2. AV node receives impulse 3. AV node delays impulse 4. AV bundle --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers 5. Purkinje fibers distribute impulse through ventricles
36
SA node?
known as the pacemaker, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells located in the superior portion of the right atrium that has the highest inherent rate of depolarization that then spreads throughout the heart
37
Pacemaker cells?
cluster of specialized myocardial cells known as the SA node that initiates the sinus rhythm
38
AV node?
lump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum
39
AV bundle?
(also, bundle of His) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches
40
Left and right bundle branches?
The left bundle branch conducts impulses to the left ventricle, and the right bundle branch conducts impulses to the right ventricle
41
ECG?
Electrocardiogram (ECG) surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function; also abbreviated as EKG
42
Features of a ECG and what occurs at those features?
P wave atria depolarize QRS complex ventricles depolarize T wave ventricles repolarize P–R interval from start of atrial depolarization to start of QRS complex Q–T interval from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization
43
Bradycardia?
abnormally slow HR
44
Tachycardia?
abnormally fast HR
45
Ectopic pacemaker?
abnormal cells generate high rate of action potentials bypass conducting system disrupt ventricular contractions
46
Purkinje fibers distribute the stimulus to the ____ cells, which make up most of the muscle cells in the heart resting potential of a ventricular cell about ____ mV of an atrial cell about ____ mV
Purkinje fibers distribute the stimulus to the contractile cells, which make up most of the muscle cells in the heart resting potential of a ventricular cell about –90 mV of an atrial cell about –80 mV
47
Two types of refractory periods?
Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period?
48
What is the absolute refractory period?
long cardiac muscle cells cannot respond
49
What is the relative refractory period?
short response depends on degree of stimulus
50
The cardiac cycle: What is it? What two phases does it include?
the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next includes both contraction and relaxation Two (2) phases: within any one chamber Systole (contraction) Diastole (relaxation)
51
Systole?
Contracting period of time when the heart muscle is contracting
52
Diastole?
Relaxation period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood
53
Blood Pressure in ____ chamber: rises during ____ falls during ____ blood flows from ____ to ____ pressure controlled by timing of contractions directed by ____-____ ____
Blood Pressure in any chamber: rises during systole falls during diastole blood flows from high to low pressure controlled by timing of contractions directed by one-way valves
54
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate @ ____ beats per minute (bpm) cardiac cycle lasts about ____ msec
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Rate @ 75 beats per minute (bpm) cardiac cycle lasts about 800 msec
55
When heart rate increases all phases of cardiac cycle ____, particularly ____
When heart rate increases all phases of cardiac cycle shorten, particularly diastole
56
4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole Atrial diastole Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole
57
Atrial systole: atrial contraction begins right and left ____ ____ are open Atria eject blood into ventricles filling ventricles Atrial systole ends ____ ____ close ventricles contain maximum blood volume known as ____-____ ____ (____)
Atrial systole: atrial contraction begins right and left AV valves are open Atria eject blood into ventricles filling ventricles Atrial systole ends AV valves close ventricles contain maximum blood volume known as end-diastolic volume (EDV)
58
End-diastolic volume (EDV)?
(also, preload) the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction
59
Ventricular Systole Ventricles contract and build pressure ____ valves close causing ____ ____ Ventricular ejection ventricular pressure exceeds vessel pressure opening the____ ____ and allowing blood to leave the ventricle amount of blood ejected is called the ___ ____ (____)
Ventricular Systole Ventricles contract and build pressure AV valves close causing isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection ventricular pressure exceeds vessel pressure opening the semilunar valves and allowing blood to leave the ventricle amount of blood ejected is called the stroke volume (SV)
60
Isovolumetric contraction?
(also, isovolumetric contraction) initial phase of ventricular contraction in which tension and pressure in the ventricle increase, but no blood is pumped or ejected from the heart
61
Ventricular ejection?
second phase of ventricular systole during which blood is pumped from the ventricle
62
Stroke volume (SV)?
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction; also, the difference between EDV and ESV
63
Ventricular systole: Ventricular pressure falls ____valves close ventricles contain ____-____ ____ (____), about ____ percent of end-diastolic volume
Ventricular systole: Ventricular pressure falls semilunar valves close ventricles contain end-systolic volume (ESV), about 40 percent of end-diastolic volume
64
Ventricular Diastole ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure ____ heart valves are closed ventricles relax (____ relaxation) Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure AV valves open passive _____ filling passive ____ filling
Ventricular Diastole ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure all heart valves are closed ventricles relax (isovolumetric relaxation) Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure AV valves open passive atrial filling passive ventricular filling
65
8 Phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Atrial systole-contraction begins 2. Atrial systole-blood ejected into ventricles 3. Atrial systole ends 4. Ventricular systole-ventricles contract and build pressure 5. Ventricular systole-ventricular ejection 6. Ventricular systole-ventricular pressure falls 7. Ventricular diastole-ventricles relax 8. Ventricular diastole-ventricles passively fill

Z A&P II Exam I (4 decks)

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