Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z A&P II Exam I > Chapter 15 PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 15 PowerPoint Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system is often associated with the ____ ____ ____ response

A

Fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 7 things occur when the flight or flight response is activated?

A

Adrenaline is secreted into the circulatory system

Heart rate increases

Bronchi of lungs dilate

Pupils also dilate

Blood vessels dilate

Blood pressure increases

Sweat glands are activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 3 things does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which division of the nervous system is voluntary?

A

Somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which division of the nervous system is involuntary?

A

The autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What response is associated with the sympathetic division?

A

Fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What response is associated with the parasympathetic division?

A

Rest and digest response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic division?

A

Thoracolumbar division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic division?

A

Craniosacral division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ is a balance between the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of homeostasis in the autonomic nervous system? (circulatory system)

A

For eg., the heart is innervated by nerves from both systems to either speed up the heart (sympathetic) or slow it down (parasympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs during activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

-What systems are activated?
-What prevents overheating?
-What system is deactivated?

A

Respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems are all activated to facilitate delivery of O2 and other nutrients to skeletal muscles

Sweating keeps the body from overheating during increased skeletal muscle usage

Blood flow to the digestive system is shunted since there are higher priorities at this moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The sympathetic division is also known as the ____ ____ to reflect the origins of the spinal nerves?

A

Thoracolumbar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The majority of ganglia of the sympathetic division belong to the ____ ____ ____ that run alongside the vertebral column?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thoracolumbar system?

A

Alternate name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that is based on
the anatomical location of central neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

Series of ganglia adjacent to the vertebral column that receive input from central
sympathetic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ganglia vs nucleus/nuclei?

A

Bundle of neuron cell bodies found in the PNS vs bundle of cell bodies found in the CNS/brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are paravertebral ganglia?

A

Autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many ganglia are on each side of the spinal cord per area/segment?

A

3 cervical
12 thoracic
4 lumbar
4 sacral
=23 total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ____ and ____ levels of the sympathetic chain ganglia do not connect directly to the spinal cord via spinal roots?

A

Cervical and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an effector?

A

A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three types of junctions within the sympathetic system?

A

a. Sympathetic nerve projects at same level as the target effector

b. If target is superior or inferior to the spinal segment

c. Associated with splanchnic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

White ramie communicantes?

A

Myelinated structures that provide a short connection
from a sympathetic chain ganglion to the spinal nerve that contains the preganglionic sympathetic fiber

(singular = ramus communicans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gray rami communicantes?

A

Unmyelinated structures that provide a short connection
from a sympathetic chain ganglion to the spinal nerve that contains the postganglionic sympathetic fiber

(singular = ramus communicans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Superior cervical ganglion?

A

One of the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic system that projects to the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Another name fore paravertebral ganglia?

AKA?

A

Autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia

Cervical ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Collateral ganglia?

What?
Which 3?
Where situated?

A

Ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain that are targets of sympathetic preganglionic fibers

Celiac, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric ganglia

Situated anterior to the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What three ganglia are associated with splanchnic nerves?

A

Celiac ganglion

Superior mesenteric ganglion

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Spinal nerve tracks up until it reaches the ____ ____ ____?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Celiac ganglion?

A

One of the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic system that projects to the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Superior mesenteric ganglion?

A

One of the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic system that projects to the digestive
system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Inferior mesenteric ganglion?

A

One of the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic system that projects to the digestive
system

(Gonads/external genitalia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two types of synapses and what is released in each type?

A

Cholinergic – acetylcholine (ACh) is released

Adrenergic – norepinephrine (NE) is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When thinking about cholinergic and adrenergic synapse, we need to consider both the ____ and the ____?

A

Agonist and the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Agonist vs antagonist?

A

Agonist-any exogenous substance that binds to a receptor and produces a similar effect to the endogenous ligand

Antagonist-any exogenous substance that binds to a receptor and produces an opposing effect to the endogenous ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ligand?

A

An atom or small molecule binds to another molecule resulting in the formation of a complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Types of cholinergic receptors?

What do they bind to?
What do they activate?

A

Nicotinic receptors: binds to AChR (Acetylcholine receptor) to activate ligand-gated ion channel

Muscarinic receptors: binds to AChR (Acetylcholine receptor) to activate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are cholinergic receptors named?

A

Named based on exogenous ligands (ie., nicotine and muscarine), ligands from outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cholinergic receptors?

A

A synapse at which acetylcholine is released and binds to the nicotinic or muscarinic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Nicotinic receptors?

A

A type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to nicotine and is an
ionotropic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Muscarinic receptors?

A

A type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to muscarine and is a
metabotropic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

G protein-coupled receptor?

A

A membrane protein complex that consists of a receptor protein that binds to a signaling
molecule—a G protein—that is activated by that binding and in turn activates an effector protein (enzyme) that
creates a second-messenger molecule in the cytoplasm of the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Exogenous ligands?

A

Ligands made outside the body such as nicotine and muscarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

What do they bind to?
What are there classes?

A

Alpha (α) adrenergic receptor: GPCR that binds norepinephrine; includes α1 and α2 classes

Beta (β) adrenergic receptor: GPCR that binds norepinephrine; includes β1, β2 and β3 classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Another name for adrenaline?

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Another name for norepinephrine?

A

Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors?

A

One of the receptors to which epinephrine and norepinephrine bind, which comes in
three subtypes: α1, α2, and α3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors?

A

One of the receptors to which epinephrine and norepinephrine bind, which comes in
two subtypes: β1 and β2

52
Q

Epinephrine?

A

Signaling molecule released from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream as part of the sympathetic
response

53
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

Signaling molecule released as a neurotransmitter by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers as part of
the sympathetic response, or as a hormone into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla

54
Q

What chemical signaling system is used in preganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic
Acetylcholine–>nicotinic receptor

Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine–nicotinic receptor

55
Q

What chemical signaling system is used in preganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic
Norepinephrine → α- or β-adrenergic receptors
OR
Acetylcholine → muscarinic receptor (associated with sweat glands
and the blood vessels associated with skeletal muscles only)

Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine →
muscarinic receptor

56
Q

What are released at synapses?

A

Neurotransmitters like ACh, E, and NE are released at synapses

57
Q

What can be neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

Neurotransmitters like E and NE are released at synapses

E and NE can also be released as hormones into the bloodstream via the adrenal medulla

58
Q

Neurotransmitters?

A

A signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells

59
Q

Hormones?

A

The body’s chemical messengers that send signals into the bloodstream and tissues

60
Q

What is varicosity?

A

The structure of some autonomic connections that is not a typical synaptic end bulb, but a string of swellings
along the length of a fiber that makes a network of connections with the target effector

61
Q

Synapses look different at the junction between ____ ____ and ____ ____?
Some texts call this the ____ ____; and neurotransmitters are referred to as ____?

A

Synapses look different at the junction between postganglionic fibers and target effectors
Some texts call this the neuroeffector junction; and neurotransmitters are referred to as neuromodulators

62
Q

Reflex arc?

A

A circuit of a reflex that involves a sensory input and motor output, or an afferent branch and an efferent branch,
and an integrating center to connect the two branches

63
Q

What is the main difference between somatic and autonomic system reflex arcs?

A

Main difference: types of effectors

Autonomic effectors are typically cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

64
Q

Efferent branch?

A

Component of a reflex arc that represents the output, with the target being an effector, such as muscle or glandular tissue

65
Q

The ____ ____ is one area of major difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system structure?

A

Efferent brach

66
Q

How is the efferent branch one area of major differences between somatic and autonomic nervous system structure?

A

The output of a somatic reflex arc is a motor neuron that synapses directly with an effector (ie., skeletal muscle)

The output of a visceral reflex arc is a preganglionic fiber (or cranial nucleus neuron) which projects to a ganglion, followed by a postganglionic fiber

67
Q

Visceral reflex?

A

A reflex involving an internal organ as the effector, under the control of the autonomic nervous system

68
Q

Preganglionic fiber?

A

An axon from a central neuron in the autonomic nervous system that projects to and synapses with a
ganglionic neuron; sometimes referred to as a preganglionic neuron

69
Q

Postganglionic fiber?

A

An axon from a ganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system that projects to and synapses
with the target effector; sometimes referred to as a postganglionic neuron

70
Q

The ____ ____ is often the same between somatic and visceral reflexes?

A

Afferent branch

71
Q

Afferent branch?

A

A component of a reflex arc that represents the input from a sensory neuron, for either a special or general sense

72
Q

Sensory neurons from the ____ often project into the CNS to initiate the reflex?

A

Periphery

73
Q

Although much of the sensory input derives from special or somatic senses, some visceral sensory input is ____ ____?

A

Not perceptible

74
Q

What are baroreceptors?

Carotid arteries–> ____ nerve?
Aorta–> ____ nerve?

A

A mechanoreceptor that senses the stretch of blood vessels to indicate changes in blood pressure

A type of mechanoreceptor that detects changes in pressure in the carotid sinuses and the aorta

(Carotid arteries–>glossopharyngeal nerve
Aorta–Vvagus nerve)

75
Q

Sometimes the ____ stimulation achieve conscious awareness and, if strong enough, will be perceived?

A

Visceral

76
Q

Only a ____ ____ of the sensory homunculus is dedicated the perception of internal stimuli?

A

Small portion

77
Q

Sensory homunculus?

A

A topographic representation of the sensory distribution of the body found in the cerebral cortex

78
Q

When particularly strong visceral sensations rise to the level of conscious perception, sensations are often felt in unexpected places in what is called ____ ____?

A

Referred pain

79
Q

Referred pain?

A

The e conscious perception of visceral sensation projected to a different region of the body, such as the left shoulder and arm pain as a sign of a heart attack

80
Q

Why does referred pain project pain to different areas of the body?

A

Referred pain projects pain to a different area of the body due to the visceral sensory fibers entering into the same level of the spinal cord as the somatosensory fibers of the referred pain location

81
Q

What are the two types of reflexes?

A

Long reflexes
Short reflexes

82
Q

Long reflexes?

A

A reflex arc that includes the central nervous system

83
Q

Short reflexes?

A

A reflex arc that does not include any components of the central nervous system

84
Q

What is the chief difference between short and long reflexes?

A

Involvement of the CNS

85
Q

Describe Kehr’s sign?

A

Presentation of pain in the left shoulder, chest, and neck regions following the rupture of the spleen

-The sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that connect to the spleen do not overlap at the cervical region to result in shoulder pain
-Blood accumulates in the superior portion of the spleen to produce pressure on the diaphragm
-Nerves from the diaphragm take a special route
-The phrenic nerve connects at cervical levels 3-5 which is responsible for the shoulder pain

(Page 668)

86
Q

Enteric Nervous system?

A

The peripheral structures, namely ganglia and nerves, that are incorporated into the digestive system organs

87
Q

Enteric Nervous System:
In some instances, the sensory neuron may project directly to the ganglionic neuron which omits the involvement of the ____?

The myenteric plexuses of the enteric system can in some instances directly influence ____ function?

Stretch receptors being activated stimulates a ____ reflex that helps increase digestive motility?

A

CNS

Digestive

Short

88
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions each ____ at the target effector?

This is a ____ between chemical signals?

A

Compete

Competition

89
Q

Postganglionic ____ fibers release ____ which binds to ____ receptors? (two answers)

A

Sympathetic… Norepinephrine… Adrenergic

Parasympathetic… ACh… Muscarinic

90
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions each compete at the target effector

91
Q

What are the exceptions to dual innervation?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that contact blood vessels within skeletal muscle; and, contact sweat glands release ACh instead of NE

There is no parasympathetic input to sweat glands that would interfere

92
Q

In dual innervation the effector response is based on which ____ is released; and what ____ is present?

A

Neurotransmitter

Receptor

93
Q

Neurotransmitter?

A

A signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells

94
Q

Receptor?

A

A protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

95
Q

Dual innervation?

The pacemaker regions of the heart are contacted by postganglionic fibers of both divisions.

If NE is released onto the cardiac pacemaker cells, the cells _______________________?

If ACh is released, it binds to a muscarinic receptor that causes the cells to _________________________?

A

Depolarize faster and HR increases

To hyperpolarize resulting in a slowing of the heartrate

96
Q

Without the parasympathetic input, resting heart rate would be ___bpm. The parasympathetic system slows it down to the resting rate of___-___bpm?

A

100… 60-80…

97
Q

Pupillary Size:
The afferent branch responds to the light that strikes the ____ –> ____ ____ ____ –> ____ ____
–> ____

A

Pupillary Size:
The afferent branch responds to the light that strikes the retina –> retinal ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> diencephalon

98
Q

What happens in low light conditions for pupillary size and why?

A

If light is low, the sympathetic system communicates via the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic chain

The postganglionic fiber then projects to the iris where it releases NE onto the radial fibers of the iris (sm. Muscle) causing dilation

99
Q

What happens in high light conditions for pupillary size and why?

A

If light is high, the parasympathetic division sends a signal from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus through the oculomotor nerve

The fiber synapses with the ciliary ganglion in the posterior orbit

The postganglionic fiber then projects to the iris where it releases ACh onto the circular fibers of the iris causing constriction

100
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

For each organ system, either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division dominates which produces an autonomic tone

101
Q

What are two examples of autonomic tone?

A

E.g., because the resting heartrate is directly influenced by the parasympathetic system which lowers it from 100bpm  60 – 80bpm, this system is said to be in a parasympathetic tone

E.g., blood pressure is influenced by contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. The smooth muscle possesses adrenergic receptors, but no significant parasympathetic connection. Therefore, the sympathetic system determines blood vessel tone

102
Q

Sensory homunculus?

A

A topographic representation of the sensory distribution of the body found in the cerebral cortex.

103
Q

The optic nerve projects directly to the ____ which in turn relays information to the ____ ____ ____?

Another projection of the optic nerve goes to the ____?

A

The optic nerve projects directly to the thalamus which in turn relays information to the occipital visual cortex

Another projection of the optic nerve goes to the hypothalamus

104
Q

What controls the pupillary reflex?

A

They hypothalamus

105
Q

What division of the autonomic nervous system is activated in high light? What about in low light?

A

In high light, the parasympathetic response is activated

In low light, the sympathetic response is activated

106
Q

Output from the hypothalamus follows which two main tracts?

Along these tracts, the hypothalamus can influence the:
Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the ____ ____; or,
The ____ ____ of the thoracic spinal cord

A

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and the Medial forebrain bundle

Along these tracts, the hypothalamus can influence the:
Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor complex; or,
The lateral horns of the thoracic spinal cord

107
Q

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?

A

A major output pathway of the hypothalamus that descends through the gray matter of
the brain stem and into the spinal cord

108
Q

Medial forebrain bundle?

A

A fiber pathway that extends anteriorly into the basal forebrain, passes through the
hypothalamus, and extends into the brain stem and spinal cord

109
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

The amygdala is one of the structures that projects into the hypothalamus through the forebrain bundle

110
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

The amygdala is a group of nuclei in the medial region of the temporal lobe that is part of the limbic lobe

111
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Involved in emotional responses

When anxious or scared, the amygdala signals via the medial forebrain bundle which stimulates fight-or-flight

112
Q

The preganglionic fibers that increase heart rate are called the ____ ____ ____?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves

113
Q

The preganglionic fibers that constrict blood vessels are called ____ ____?

A

Vasomotor nerves

114
Q

The medulla of the brain contains nuclei called the ____ ____?

A

Cardiovascular center

115
Q

Cardiovascular center?

A

The region in the medulla that controls the cardiovascular system through cardiac accelerator nerves and vasomotor nerves, which are components of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

116
Q

Cardiac accelerator nerves?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic fibers that cause the heart rate to increase when the
cardiovascular center in the medulla initiates a signal

117
Q

Vasomotor nerves?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic fibers that cause the constriction of blood vessels in response to signals from the cardiovascular center

118
Q

Endogenous chemical?

A

A chemical that the body produces to interact with receptors on neurons

119
Q

Exogenous chemical

A

A chemical introduced to the system from outside of the body (ie., a pharmaceutical or natural extract)

120
Q

How does the exogenous chemical nicotine work on blood vessels?

A

E.g., nicotine – binds to nicotinic ACh receptors which causes depolarization of ganglionic neurons

Because nicotinic indiscriminately activates both divisions, and there is no parasympathetic input for blood vessels, blood pressure increases in response to this drug

121
Q

How does nicotine affect the heart?

A

The heart receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic input

Nicotine would activate both pathways, causing both depolarization and hyperpolarization

Could result in an arrhythmia

122
Q

Go over the chart on sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of different drug types?

A

Slides 50-51 of chapter fifteen or page 682

123
Q

Solitary nucleus?

A

Receives sensory input about blood pressure and cardiac function from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; activates sympathetic stimulation of heart & blood vessels

124
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve?

A

Parasympathetic functions ascribed to vagus nerve, including decreased HR, relaxing bronchioles in lungs and activating digestion

Location of parasympathetic neurons that project through the vagus nerve to
terminal ganglia in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

125
Q

Nucleus ambiguous?

A

Contributes to parasympathetic output of the vagus nerve and targets muscles in the pharynx and larynx for swallowing and speech; contributes to parasympathetic tone of heart

Z A&P II Exam I (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions