Chapter 19: Blood

Question 1

The 2 main fractions of blood

Answer 1

plasma and formed elements

Question 2

Plasma contains

Answer 2

water, plasma proteins, other solutes

Question 3

Formed elements include

Answer 3

RBC, WBC, platelets, other solids

Question 4

Plasma proteins

Answer 4

7%
-albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 5

Other solutes in plasma

Answer 5

1%
-specialized plasma proteins

Question 6

Albumins

Answer 6

60%; produced in the liver; transport fatty acids and hormones

Question 7

Globulins

Answer 7

35%; antibodies (immunoglobulins), transport globulins for hormones and steroids

Question 8

Fibrinogen

Answer 8

4%; involved in blood clotting process, forming insoluble strands of fibrin from dissolved fibrinogen in serum

Question 9

Other plasma proteins

Answer 9

1%; specialized proteins present at varying levels
ex: peptide hormones; insulin, follicle-stimulating hormones

Question 10

Red Blood Cells

Answer 10

erythrocytes; contains hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; provides red color

Question 11

White Blood Cells

Answer 11

Leukocytes; component of the immune system

Question 12

Platelets

Answer 12

cell fragments involved in clotting

Question 13

Hemoglobin structure

Answer 13

complex quaternary structure with 4 globular protein subunits

Question 14

Each Hb subunit contains

Answer 14

one molecule of heme

Question 15

Each heme contains

Answer 15

one iron ion

Question 16

Hemoglobin function

Answer 16

transports respiratory gases

Question 17

Hemopoiesis

Answer 17

generates about 3 million new RBCs per second
-macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor the RBC population and engulf RBCs before membranes rupture or hemolyze

Question 18

Blood Typing

Answer 18

determined by presence or absence of A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 19

4 basic surface antigens and plasma antibodies

Answer 19

• A; antigen A; B antibodies
• B; antigen B; A antibodies
• AB; antigens A and B; no antibodies
• O; no antigens; both A and B antibodies

Question 20

Coagulation phase

Answer 20

blood clotting begins 30 seconds after injury
-chain reactions convert circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Question 21

Pathways of coagulation phase

Answer 21

extrinsic, intrinsic, common

Question 22

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 22

-begins in vessel wall, outside bloodstream
-damaged tissue cells release tissue factor (TF)
-TF and other factors form an enzyme complex that activates Factor X

Question 23

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 23

-begins with circulating proenzymes, within bloodstream
-enzymes activated by collagen
-series of reactions activates Factor X

Question 24

Common pathway

Answer 24

-convergence of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways to activate Factor X
-enzymes form the prothrombin activator complex that converts prothrombin to thrombin
-thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin