Chapter 19 Biotechnology

Question 1

Biotechnology

Answer 1

applicationo of technology that involves us of animals/plants for the developtment of products that benefit humans.

Question 2

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

Answer 2

Animals or plants that have recieved genetic material via recombinant DNA technology

Question 3

Transgenic

Answer 3

When an organism has recieved genetic material from another species.

Question 4

Transgene

Answer 4

Gene from one species introduced into another species

Question 5

Uses of Microorganisms in Biotech

Answer 5

Production of Insulin and human growth hormones

Question 6

Human Insulin

Answer 6

Produced by recombinant DNA technology

*Have to do reverse transcription

Question 7

Biological Control

Answer 7

Use of living organisms to alleviate plant disease or damage from the enviroment

Question 8

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis)

Answer 8

BT is used to protect crops against caterpillars and beetles. It is a naturally occuring bacterium that, when injested by bugs, causes paralysis in the digestive systerm. It is not harmful to humans and “Good Insects”.
It is used to protect cotton.

Question 9

Nonrecombinant Category

Answer 9

-Alteration in the genetic CHARACTER

(aquistion of naturally occuring plasmids or mutogenesis

Question 10

Controversy with Pseudo-monas Syringae

Answer 10

Recombinant used to control frost damage
Ice+ produces proteins that promote frosting in plants
A genetically engineered version with Ice- which does not produce frost bite proteins was created.
It was tested and proved successful but public opinion caused it to never be used

Question 11

Bioremediation

Answer 11

Use of living orgs or their products to decrease pollutants in the enviroment

Question 12

Biotransformation

Answer 12

process used in bioremediation.

Use microrganisms that produce enymes that modify a toxic pollutant by ALTERING OR TRANSFORMING structure.

Question 13

Biodegredation

Answer 13

A result of biotranformation in which the pollutant is degraded, resulting in less complex NONTOXIC metabolites

Question 14

Polymerization/ Oxidation reduction

Answer 14

Biotransformation without biodegredation. Aids in toxitidity of organisms because polymerized toxic compounds are less likely to leach from the soil

Question 15

Gene Replacement

Answer 15

Replacement of normal gene with cloned gene via HOMOLOGOUS recombination. More common in bacteria and Yeast

Question 16

Gene Knockout

Answer 16

When the cloned gene is rendered inactive. This allows researcheres to study how loss of function of a gene affects the organism

Question 17

Gene Addition

Answer 17

Cloned gene introduced into the genome via NONHOMOLOUGOUS recombination. Both cloned and normal gene will be present.

Question 18

Molecular Pharming

Answer 18

Introduction of medically important proteins into the mammary gland of animals

Question 19

How to Express human genes in Domestic Animal Milk

Answer 19

Must insert human hormone gene next to B-lactoglobulin promoter. Inject this DNA plasmid into sheep ooctye. Plasmid DNA intergrates. Place oocyte in female sheep. She will give birth to transgenic offspring which will then produce milk with the human hormone needed. `

Question 20

First Cloned Mammal

How did it work?

Answer 20

Dolly the sheep cloned by Ian Wilmut.
You have a donor sheeps mammary cells and an unfertilized egg from another sheep with the nuclues removed. The mammary cells are fused with donor egg. The maternal proteins within enucleated egg initiate development of egg to embryo. Embryo but in surregate ewe. Sheep indentical to donor sheep is produced.

Question 21

Problem with Dolly

Answer 21

She died early because telomeres where already shorter due to the donor sheep being six years old

Question 22

Stem cells

Answer 22

• Have the capacity to differenitate into one or more specialized cell types.
• supply the cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg

Question 23

Totipotent

Answer 23

Stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in an organism. Ex: Fertillized egg

Question 24

Pluripotent

Answer 24

Can differentiate into ALMOST all cell types but can not produce an entire individual. Ex: embryonic stem cells embryonic germ cells

Question 25

Embyronic stem cells are found where?

Answer 25

In the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (pluripotent)

Question 26

Embyronic Germ Cells found where?

Answer 26

Found in gonads in early fetal stages of developtment (pluripotent)

Question 27

Multipotent

Answer 27

Cells that can differientiate into MANY cell types but not nearly as many as pluripotenet
Ex: HSC’s found in bone marrow can only produce blood and lymphoid tissue

Question 28

Unipotent

Answer 28

Differentiate into a single cell type

Ex; Adult cells (like primordial germ cells in testies that can only turn into sperm)

Question 29

Agrobacteriam tumefaciens

Answer 29

Used to produce transgenic plants

Question 30

Gene Therapy

Answer 30

Introduction of cloned genes into living cells to treat disease.
*involves viral and nonviral gene transfer

Question 31

Human Gene Therapy via nonviral gene Transfer

Answer 31

DNA-Liposome complex taken into target cell via endocytosis. Liposome degrades DNA released into cytosol. DNA imported into nuclus. By recombination, dNA carrying gene of interst is integrated into the target cell chromosomes

Question 32

Human Gene Therapy via viral gene transfer

Answer 32

Retrovirus taken into target cell via endocytosis. Viral coat degraded into two copies of RNA genome which are released into cytosol. RNA REVERSE TRANSCRIBED to DNA and that is transported to nuclues. By Recombination, the viral DNA carrying gene of interest is integrated into chromosome of target cell.

Question 33

Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency Experiment

Answer 33

ADA cells that are inactive result in destruction of lmphocytes causing immune defficiency. This experiment was the first inherited gene treated with gene therapy.. The ADA deficient lymphocytes were removed from pateint. Cultured in a lab and infected with a retrovirus that contained normal ADA gene. These inserted DNA into host cell chromosome as part of reproductive cycle

Question 34

Aerosol Spray used to treat Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 34

Functional copy of CF gene inserted into Adenovirus vector and inhaled to inject lung cells