Chapter 19

Question 1

What are the three forms of the fossil fuel?

Answer 1

•Oil, Natural gas, Coal

Question 2

Fossil fuels supply ____% of world’s commercial energy.

Answer 2

88%

Question 3

___% of the world’s population live in rich courtiers, but use ____% of the world’s commercial energy needs.

Answer 3

1. 20%

2. 80%

Question 4

How much is the energy use of a person In a rich country compare to the energy use of a person in poor country?

Answer 4

•People in the richest countries use as much energy in a day as poor countries do in a year.

Question 5

What are the major global commercial energy sources in correct order from highest to the lowest:

Answer 5

1. Oil
2. Coal
3. Natural Gas

Question 6

What is the share of energy in the U.S. from highest to lowest?

Answer 6

Transportation
Industry
Commercial
Residental

Question 7

How is coal formed? Is it renewable?

Answer 7

•Coal is compacted and condensed by geological forces into carbon-rich fuel. Most laid down during Carboniferous period. No-renewable

Question 8

World coal deposits are ____ times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined.

Answer 8

10x

Question 9

What are different forms of coal mining and which one is the most dangerous one?

Answer 9

• Underground Coal Mining: Dangerous. Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 American coal miners died of accidents and injuries in Pennsylvania alone. Thousands have died of respiratory diseases
• Strip mining: is cheaper and safer than underground mining. Often makes land unfit for other use. Acid drainage that is released damages streams.
• Mountaintop removal: practiced in Appalachia, causes streams, farms, and even whole towns to be buried under hundreds of meters of toxic rubble!

Question 10

What percent of atmospheric mercury is attributed to coal combustion?

Answer 10

•25%

Question 11

How could Clean Coal Technology Be Useful?

Answer 11

•Carbon dioxide could be sequestered by pumping it into deep geologic formations, which could also enhance oil recovery

Question 12

How did oil for and what is an oil pool?

Answer 12

• Organic material buried in sediment and subjected to high pressure and temperature.
• An “oil pool” is usually composed of individual droplets or a thin film permeating spaces in porous sandstone (like water in a sponge).

Question 13

We recover about __% of oil in a formation before it becomes uneconomical to continue.

Answer 13

30-40%

Question 14

Which region in the world has the greatest proven, economically-recoverable oil?

Answer 14

•The “Greater Middle East”

Question 15

What are the three countries with the highest energy reserves from greatest to lowest?

Answer 15

Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
Canada

Question 16

Environmentally, what are the problems with oil?

Answer 16

Disrupts wildlife and plants. Burning oil produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Question 17

What are tar and oil shales?

Answer 17

• Oil shale is sedimentary rock rich in kerogen. Kerogen can be heated and extracted.
• Tar sands are composed of sand and shale particles coated with bitumen, a viscous mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. They have to be mixed with steam to extract the bitumen, which is then refined.

Question 18

What is fracking?

Answer 18

• A mixture of water, sand, and potentially toxic chemicals is pumped into the ground and rock formations at extremely high pressure.
• The pressurized fluid cracks sediments and releases the gas.
• Fracturing rock formations often disrupts aquifers, however, and contaminates water wells

Question 19

____ is the most rapidly growing energy source

Answer 19

Natural gas

Question 20

Which region in the world has the greatest reserve of natural gas?

Answer 20

•2/3 are in the Middle East and the former Soviet Union.

Question 21

What is LNG and how safe or dangerous it is?

Answer 21

•Gas is liquefied to ship it by ocean. A ship explosion would be equivalent to a medium-sized atomic bomb.

Question 22

Nuclear Energy: Most commonly used fuel is ______ a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of uranium. Occurs naturally at 0.7% of uranium ore, but must be enriched to ___%.

When struck by neutrons, radioactive uranium atoms undergo nuclear fission, releasing energy and more ______, which triggers nuclear chain reaction(fig 19.22) . Most plants have only a ____year operating life.

Answer 22

Uranium 235
3%

Neutrons
30 Year

Question 23

Nuclear Fusion : Energy released when two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one large ____.

Answer 23

Nucleus