Chapter 19 Flashcards
What are the three forms of the fossil fuel?
•Oil, Natural gas, Coal
Fossil fuels supply ____% of world’s commercial energy.
88%
___% of the world’s population live in rich courtiers, but use ____% of the world’s commercial energy needs.
- 20%
2. 80%
How much is the energy use of a person In a rich country compare to the energy use of a person in poor country?
•People in the richest countries use as much energy in a day as poor countries do in a year.
What are the major global commercial energy sources in correct order from highest to the lowest:
- Oil
- Coal
- Natural Gas
What is the share of energy in the U.S. from highest to lowest?
Transportation
Industry
Commercial
Residental
How is coal formed? Is it renewable?
•Coal is compacted and condensed by geological forces into carbon-rich fuel. Most laid down during Carboniferous period. No-renewable
World coal deposits are ____ times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined.
10x
What are different forms of coal mining and which one is the most dangerous one?
- Underground Coal Mining: Dangerous. Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 American coal miners died of accidents and injuries in Pennsylvania alone. Thousands have died of respiratory diseases
- Strip mining: is cheaper and safer than underground mining. Often makes land unfit for other use. Acid drainage that is released damages streams.
- Mountaintop removal: practiced in Appalachia, causes streams, farms, and even whole towns to be buried under hundreds of meters of toxic rubble!
What percent of atmospheric mercury is attributed to coal combustion?
•25%
How could Clean Coal Technology Be Useful?
•Carbon dioxide could be sequestered by pumping it into deep geologic formations, which could also enhance oil recovery
How did oil for and what is an oil pool?
- Organic material buried in sediment and subjected to high pressure and temperature.
- An “oil pool” is usually composed of individual droplets or a thin film permeating spaces in porous sandstone (like water in a sponge).
We recover about __% of oil in a formation before it becomes uneconomical to continue.
30-40%
Which region in the world has the greatest proven, economically-recoverable oil?
•The “Greater Middle East”
What are the three countries with the highest energy reserves from greatest to lowest?
Venezuela
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Environmentally, what are the problems with oil?
Disrupts wildlife and plants. Burning oil produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
What are tar and oil shales?
- Oil shale is sedimentary rock rich in kerogen. Kerogen can be heated and extracted.
- Tar sands are composed of sand and shale particles coated with bitumen, a viscous mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. They have to be mixed with steam to extract the bitumen, which is then refined.
What is fracking?
- A mixture of water, sand, and potentially toxic chemicals is pumped into the ground and rock formations at extremely high pressure.
- The pressurized fluid cracks sediments and releases the gas.
- Fracturing rock formations often disrupts aquifers, however, and contaminates water wells
____ is the most rapidly growing energy source
Natural gas
Which region in the world has the greatest reserve of natural gas?
•2/3 are in the Middle East and the former Soviet Union.
What is LNG and how safe or dangerous it is?
•Gas is liquefied to ship it by ocean. A ship explosion would be equivalent to a medium-sized atomic bomb.
Nuclear Energy: Most commonly used fuel is ______ a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of uranium. Occurs naturally at 0.7% of uranium ore, but must be enriched to ___%.
When struck by neutrons, radioactive uranium atoms undergo nuclear fission, releasing energy and more ______, which triggers nuclear chain reaction(fig 19.22) . Most plants have only a ____year operating life.
Uranium 235
3%
Neutrons
30 Year
Nuclear Fusion : Energy released when two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one large ____.
Nucleus
