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anatomy and physiology 2 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

right side: carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

left side of heart: supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the boy and return it to the heart

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3
Q

left side of heart

A
  • oxygenated blood
  • enter via pulmonary veins
  • leave via aorta
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4
Q

right side of heart

A
  • oxygen-poor blood
  • enter via inferior and superior venae cave
  • leave via pulmonary trunk
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5
Q

Pericardium Function:

A

double walled (triple layered space around the heart)

  • protects and anchors the heart
  • prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
  • allows for a relatively friction-free environment`
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6
Q

pericardial sac

A

outer wall made of two layers

  • superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
  • deep serous layer parietal pericardium
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7
Q

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A

serous membrane covering heart

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8
Q

The heart wall

A

Has three layers
epicardium
myocardium and endocardium

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9
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

  • serous membrane covering heart
  • adipose in thick layer in some places
  • coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
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10
Q

Endocardium

A
  • smooth inner lining

- covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load

-muscle spirals around the heart produces a wringing motion

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12
Q

which side of the hears has more muscle

A

left side

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13
Q

The chambers

A

atria and ventricles

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14
Q

Atria of heart

A

receiving chambers of the heart

left atria = receiving oxygenated blood

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15
Q

Atria of heart

A

each atrium has an auricle to enlarge chamber

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16
Q

Atria of heart muscle

A

pectinate muscles

-internal ridges of atria and auricles

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17
Q

Ventricle of the heart

A

discharging chambers of heart

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18
Q

ventricle of the heart muscle

A

trabecular carnae

-internal ridges in both ventricles

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19
Q

The valves ensure

A

one-way flow of blood

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20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

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21
Q

Right AV

A

tricuspid valve

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22
Q

Left AV

A

Mitral valve

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23
Q

What do the cord tendineae prevent

A

AV valves from flipping or bulging into the atria when ventricles contract

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24
Q

Semilunar valves

A

located at exit of ventricles

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25
Q

Right semilunar valves

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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26
Q

Left semilunar valves

A

aortic semilunar valve

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27
Q

Blood flow

Ventricles contract

A
  • AV valves close as blood attempts to back up into the atria
  • pressure rises inside of the ventricles
  • semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels
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28
Q

Blood flow

Ventricles relax

A
  • Pressure drops inside the ventricles
  • semilunar valves close as blood attempts to back up into the ventricles from the vessels
  • AV valves open
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
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29
Q

Blood flow starting with the right Atrium

A

Right atrium -> AV valve-> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> AV valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic circulation.

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30
Q

cardiocytes

A

Striated, short thick, branched cells

-repairs of damage of cardiac muscle is almost entirely by fibrosis (scarring)

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31
Q

Intercalated dies contain

A
  • desmoses

- Gap junctions

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32
Q

Metabolism of cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on

A

aerobic respiration to make ATP

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33
Q

cardiac muscle are Rich in

A

myglobin and glycogen

huge mitochondria

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34
Q

The conduction system

what cells

A

Autorhythmic cells

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35
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

composes internal pacemaker and nerve-lie conduction pathways through myocardium

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36
Q

Autorhythmic cells initiates…

A

and distributes action potential through the heart

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37
Q

Autorhythmmic cells lead to

A

depolarization and contraction of the rest of myocardium

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38
Q

Sinoatrial nodes

A

pacemaker

typically determines heart rate

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39
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

electrical gateway to the ventricles

40
Q

Atrioventricular bundles (bundle of his)

A

Bundle forks into right and left bundle branches

41
Q

purkinje fibers

A

nerve like processes spread throughout ventricular myocardium
-cardiocytes then pass signal from cell to cell throughout gap junctions

42
Q

nerve supply to the heart

- sympathetic nerves

A

increase heart rate and contraction strength

43
Q

nerve supply to the heart

- parasympathetic nerves

A

slow hear rate

44
Q

systole

A

contraction

45
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

46
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node

47
Q

Ectopic focus

A

any region firing other than the SA node

-may set hear rate if SA nod damaged

48
Q

Nodal rhythm

A

if SA node is damaged, heart rate is set by the AV node 40-50 bpm

49
Q

order of conduction system of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node -> Atrioventricular node -> Atrioventricular bundle ( bundle of his) -> bundle branches -> purkinje fibers

50
Q

which structure in the conduction system is considered the pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node

51
Q

in which structure of the conduction system does the impulse slow down

A

A-V node

52
Q

why do you think the impulse needs to slow down here?

A

the atria and ventricle would contract at the same time and blood would not flow effectively

53
Q

P-wave

A

atrial depolarization

54
Q

atrial depolarization is normally obscured by the…

A

QRS complext

55
Q

which wave is ventricular depolarization

A

QRS

56
Q

Which wave is ventricular depolarization?

A

T-wave

57
Q

Between which two waves will you have atrial contraction

A

P-Q

58
Q

Between which two waves will you have ventricular contraction

A

S-T

59
Q

Signals in the AV node slow down to

A

the delays allows the ventricles time to fill.

60
Q

cardiocyte action potential has how many phases

A

three

61
Q

what are the three phases of cardiocyte action potential

A

depolarization plateau and repolarization

62
Q

Depolarization phase

A

very brief

  • stimulates opens voltage-regulated Na+ gates ( sodium rushes in)
  • sodium gates close quickly
63
Q

Plateau phase

A

lets about 200 to 250 ms sustains contractions for expulsion of blood from heart

  • voltage gated slow calcium channels open admitting calcium which triggers opening of calcium channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calcium binds to troponin triggering contractions
64
Q

depolarization phase

A

-calcium channels close, potassium channels open , rapid diffusion of potassium out of cell returns it to resting potential

65
Q

resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle is (stable or unstable)

A

stable

66
Q

what leads to action potential of skeletal muscle

A

requires motor neuron to release ACh and the binding of ACh causes depolarization of motor end plate which lead to action potential of skeletal muscle

67
Q

resting membrane potential of cardiac muscles is ( stable or unstable)

A

unstable

68
Q

Cardiac muscles have ( fast or slow ) depolarization to threshold

A

slow

69
Q

cardiac muscles, at threshold, have ( fast or slow) depolarization

A

fast

70
Q

SA node fires and atria depolarize at which wave

A

p-wave

71
Q

Ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

72
Q

corresponds to plateau in myocardial action potential

A

ST segment

73
Q

ventricular depolarization and relaxation which wave

A

t-wave

74
Q

when the ventricles are in diastole, are the A-V valves open or closed?

A

open

75
Q

when the ventricles are in systole, are the A-V valves open or closed/

A

closed

76
Q

When the ventricles are in diastole, are the semilunar valves open or closed?

A

closed

77
Q

when the ventricles are in systole, are the semilunar valves open or closed?

A

open

78
Q

phase of the cardiac cycles

A
  1. ) ventricular filling
  2. ) isovolumetric contraction
  3. ) ventricular ejection
  4. ) Isovolumetic relaxation
79
Q

Ventricular filling

A

is during diastole

  • ventricles relax and expand, pressure decreases
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles
  • atria contract to finish filling ventricles
    • AV valves are open; semilunar valves are closed
80
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricular systole
atria in diastole
ventricles are completely closed off (all valves closed_

81
Q

ventricles ejection

A

ventricular systole
atria in diastole
AV valves close seminar valves forced open

82
Q

isovolumetic relaxation

A

both atria and ventricles are relaxed; all valves closed

83
Q

left ventricular failure

A

blood backs up into the legs causing pulmonary edema

— shortness of breath or sense of suffocation

84
Q

right ventricular failure

A

blood backs up in the vena cava using systemic or generalized edema

85
Q

proprioceptors

A

stretch receptors in muscle and joint
**are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space.

86
Q

if the proprioceptors are activated, what does HR do

A

heart rate goes up

87
Q

Baroreceptors

A

A baroreceptor is a specialized nerve ending that allows your brain to sense blood flow and blood pressure in the major blood vessels of your circulatory system.

88
Q

if baroreceptor sense blood pressure increases what does HR do

A

wants to slow heart rate down

89
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.

90
Q

if chemoreceptors sense hypercapnia what does HR do?

A

increase heart rate

91
Q

if chemoreceptors sense hypoxia

A

hypoxia slows hear rate down; slow heart rat tell brain to speed up heart rate.

92
Q

preload

A

how much blood fits in the ventricles at its max

93
Q

contractility

A

how hard the ventricles will contracts

94
Q

Positive inotropic agents

A

increase contractility

hypercalcemia catecholamines glucagon digitalis

95
Q

negative inotropic agents

A

reduce contractility
- hypocalcemia hyperkalemia
acidosis
drugs such as calcium channel blockers

96
Q

Afterload

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles
**** higher the pressure is in the aorta then the ventricle have to work 2 times harder to push the valves open .

97
Q

what increases afterload

A

hypertension increases after load and opposes ventricular ejection
** working harder but pumping out less blood so heart beats fast to accommodate for the little blood pumping

anatomy and physiology 2 (4 decks)

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