Chapter 18 Flashcards
3 functions of the circulatory system
Transport: (oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones, stem cells)
Protection: ( hemostasis and immune system)
regulation: ( fluid balance stabilizes pH and temperature control)
Blood circulation
Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary bed -> venues -> vein
how many liters of blood in a female
4-5 liters
how many liters of blood in a male
5-6 liters
liquid connective tissues of the blood
plasma and formed elements
plasma
matrix of blood
formed elements
blood cells and cell fragments
7 kinds of formed elements
erythrocyte platelets basophils neutrophils monocytes eosinophil lymphocytes
platelets
cell fragments
erythrocytes
rbc
5 types of leukocytes
basophil neutrophil eosinophil
lymphocytes monocytes
basophils
are numerous in amount during inflammation process
contains histamine for inflammatory response
granulocyte
neutrophil
bacterial killer; excellent phagocytes
numerous amount could mean bacterial infections
granulocyte
eosinophil
used in allergic reactions and parasitic infections;
increased amount could mean parasitic infections or allergic reactions.
granulocyte
lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes ( cell mediated immunity)
b-lymphocytes ( humoral immunity)
thrombopoiesis
develop from hemopoietic stem cell
produces magakaryocytes which live in bone marrow
how long do platelets circulate in the boddy
freely for 5-6 days
where are 40% of platelets stored
spleen
platelet formation is controlled by the hormone
thrombopoietin
three hemostatic mechanisms
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
*platelets play an important role in all three
vascular spasm
vasoconstriction of a broken vessel
- causes
- pain receptors
- smooth muscle injury
- platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
prostacyclin
platelet repellent
intact vessels have smooth endothelium coated with
prostacyclin
broken vessel exposes ****
** collagen
platelets stick to the collagen and to each other
platelets degranulate releasing chemicals that attract more platelets
positive feedback cycle until break is sealed
platelets plug formation ( broken vessels)
Platelets stick to the collagen and to each other
platelets degranulate releasing chemicals that attracts more platelets
positive feedback cycle until break is sealed
coagulation
- conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
- procoagulants (clotting factors) in plasma
what is fibrin threads
framework of clot
Procoagulants
clotting factors in plasma
activate one factor and it will activate the next to form a reaction cascade
fibrinogen and clotting factors are produced by?
the liver
extrinsic
this is released by the damaged blood vessels so this is external to blood itself
intrinsic factors
using only clotting factors found in the blood itself
coagulations ( clotting process detail)
1) formation of prothrombin activators
2) prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombrin
3) thrombin converts fibrinogen ( which is soluble)
into fibrin ( insoluable
what vitamins are need for coagulation
vitamin C and K
platelet-derived growth factor
secreted by platelets and endothelial cells
-stimulates repair of damaged vessels -> stimulates mitosis of the fibroblasts and smooth muscles and work on repairing the damaged muscles.
prevention of inappropriate clotting
- prostacyclin- coated endothelium repels platelets ( very slick and very smooth)
- thrombin is washed way and diluted (slow heart can result in clot formations
- natural anticoagulant ( heparin - from basophils and mast cells
- antithrombin from the liver -> deactivates thrombin
