Chapter 18

Question 1

3 functions of the circulatory system

Answer 1

Transport: (oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones, stem cells)
Protection: ( hemostasis and immune system)
regulation: ( fluid balance stabilizes pH and temperature control)

Question 2

Blood circulation

Answer 2

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary bed -> venues -> vein

Question 3

how many liters of blood in a female

Answer 3

4-5 liters

Question 4

how many liters of blood in a male

Answer 4

5-6 liters

Question 5

liquid connective tissues of the blood

Answer 5

plasma and formed elements

Question 6

plasma

Answer 6

matrix of blood

Question 7

formed elements

Answer 7

blood cells and cell fragments

Question 8

7 kinds of formed elements

Answer 8

erythrocyte platelets basophils neutrophils monocytes eosinophil lymphocytes

Question 9

platelets

Answer 9

cell fragments

Question 10

erythrocytes

Answer 10

rbc

Question 11

5 types of leukocytes

Answer 11

basophil neutrophil eosinophil

lymphocytes monocytes

Question 12

basophils

Answer 12

are numerous in amount during inflammation process
contains histamine for inflammatory response
granulocyte

Question 13

neutrophil

Answer 13

bacterial killer; excellent phagocytes
numerous amount could mean bacterial infections
granulocyte

Question 14

eosinophil

Answer 14

used in allergic reactions and parasitic infections;
increased amount could mean parasitic infections or allergic reactions.
granulocyte

Question 15

lymphocytes

Answer 15

t-lymphocytes ( cell mediated immunity)

b-lymphocytes ( humoral immunity)

Question 16

thrombopoiesis

Answer 16

develop from hemopoietic stem cell

produces magakaryocytes which live in bone marrow

Question 17

how long do platelets circulate in the boddy

Answer 17

freely for 5-6 days

Question 18

where are 40% of platelets stored

Answer 18

spleen

Question 19

platelet formation is controlled by the hormone

Answer 19

thrombopoietin

Question 20

three hemostatic mechanisms

Answer 20

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
*platelets play an important role in all three

Question 21

vascular spasm

Answer 21

vasoconstriction of a broken vessel

• causes
• pain receptors
• smooth muscle injury
• platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor)

Question 22

prostacyclin

Answer 22

platelet repellent

Question 23

intact vessels have smooth endothelium coated with

Answer 23

prostacyclin

Question 24

broken vessel exposes ****

Answer 24

** collagen
platelets stick to the collagen and to each other
platelets degranulate releasing chemicals that attract more platelets
positive feedback cycle until break is sealed

Question 25

platelets plug formation ( broken vessels)

Answer 25

Platelets stick to the collagen and to each other
platelets degranulate releasing chemicals that attracts more platelets
positive feedback cycle until break is sealed

Question 26

coagulation

Answer 26

• conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads

- procoagulants (clotting factors) in plasma

Question 27

what is fibrin threads

Answer 27

framework of clot

Question 28

Procoagulants

Answer 28

clotting factors in plasma

activate one factor and it will activate the next to form a reaction cascade

Question 29

fibrinogen and clotting factors are produced by?

Answer 29

the liver

Question 30

extrinsic

Answer 30

this is released by the damaged blood vessels so this is external to blood itself

Question 31

intrinsic factors

Answer 31

using only clotting factors found in the blood itself

Question 32

coagulations ( clotting process detail)

Answer 32

1) formation of prothrombin activators
2) prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombrin
3) thrombin converts fibrinogen ( which is soluble)
into fibrin ( insoluable

Question 33

what vitamins are need for coagulation

Answer 33

vitamin C and K

Question 34

platelet-derived growth factor

Answer 34

secreted by platelets and endothelial cells
-stimulates repair of damaged vessels -> stimulates mitosis of the fibroblasts and smooth muscles and work on repairing the damaged muscles.

Question 35

prevention of inappropriate clotting

Answer 35

• prostacyclin- coated endothelium repels platelets ( very slick and very smooth)
• thrombin is washed way and diluted (slow heart can result in clot formations
• natural anticoagulant ( heparin - from basophils and mast cells
• antithrombin from the liver -> deactivates thrombin