Chapter 19

Question 1

The fitness of a particular phenotype depends on how frequently it appears in the population

Answer 1

Frequency-Dependent Selection

Question 2

The genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals from a large population found a new colony

Answer 2

Founder Effect

Question 3

What is it when individuals select mates by their phenotypes

Answer 3

Assortative mating

Question 4

When the heterozygote Aa has a higher degree of fitness than either homozygote AA or aa

Answer 4

Heterozygote Advantage

Question 5

The migration of breeding individuals between populations

Answer 5

Gene Flow

Question 6

Alleles that differ by only one nucleotide

Answer 6

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Question 7

Favors phenotypes at one of the extremes of the normal distribution

Answer 7

Directional Selection

Question 8

The proportion of a particular phenotype in the population

Answer 8

Phenotype Frequency

Question 9

The production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations

Answer 9

Genetic Drift

Question 10

A special type of genetic polymorphism in which two or more alleles persist in a population over many generations

Answer 10

Balanced Polymorphism

Question 11

What enables populations to change?

Answer 11

Natural Selection

Question 12

Type of selection with a trend in several directions rather than just one

Answer 12

Disruptive Selection

Question 13

The proportion of a specific allele in a particular population

Answer 13

Allele frequency

Question 14

Variation that does not alter the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce

Answer 14

Neutral Variation

Question 15

The mechanism of evolution first proposed by Darwin in which members of a population that are more successfully adapted to the environment have greater fitness

Answer 15

Natural Selection

Question 16

The phenomenon that genetic differences often exist among different populations within the same species

Answer 16

Geographic Variation

Question 17

What are the 3 things that cause mutations?

Answer 17

1. A change in the nucleotide base pairs of a gene
2. A rearrangement of genes within chromosomes so that their interactions produce different effects
3. A change in chromosome structure

Question 18

Genetic variation among individuals in a population

Answer 18

Genetic Polymorphism

Question 19

The proportion of a particular genotype in the population

Answer 19

Genotype Frequency

Question 20

A gradual change in a species’s phenotype and genotype frequencies through a series of geographically separate populations as a result of an environmental gradient

Answer 20

Cline

Question 21

Inbred individuals have lower fitness than not inbred

Answer 21

Inbreeding Depression

Question 22

Selection of mates with the opposite phenotype

Answer 22

Negative Assortative Mating

Question 23

Includes all the alleles for all the loci present in the population

Answer 23

Gene Pool

Question 24

An unpredictable change in deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 24

Mutation

Question 25

The process of natural selection associated with a population well adapted to its environment

Answer 25

Stabilizing Selection

Question 26

When a population whose allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation

Answer 26

Genetic Equilibrium

Question 27

It shows that if the population is large, the process of inheritance does not by itself causes changes in allele frequencies

Answer 27

Hardy-Weinburg Principle

Question 28

Selection of mates with the same phenotype

Answer 28

Positive Assortative Mating

Question 29

What are the 5 conditions that must be met for genetic equilibrium?

Answer 29

1. Random Mating 2. No Net Mutations 3. Large Population Size 4. No Migration 5. No Natural Selection

Question 30

The study of genetic variability within a population and of the evolutionary forces that act on it

Answer 30

Population Genetics

Question 31

The mating of genetically similar individuals who are more closely related than if they had been chosen at random from the entire population.

Answer 31

Inbreeding

Question 32

Generation-to-generation changes in allele or genotype frequencies within a population

Answer 32

Microevolution

Question 33

One of two or more alternate forms of a gene

Answer 33

Allele