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General Biology II > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

As radiation is emitted, the nucleus of a radioisotope changes into the nucleus of a different element

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms, with similar structure, functioning, and behavior, that are capable of interbreeding with one another

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3
Q

What are the 5 scientific evidences that support evolution?

A
  1. Observation from fossil record
  2. Biogeography
  3. Comparative anatomy
  4. Molecular biology
  5. Developmental biology
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4
Q

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

According to Lamark, a changing environment caused…?

A

An organism to alter its behavior

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and become the parents of the next generation

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6
Q

What are the two main perspectives of evolution?

A
  1. The minor evolutionary changes of populations usually viewed over a few generations
  2. The major evolutionary events usually viewed over a long period.
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7
Q

How many fossils have paleontologists described and named to date?

A

around 300,000

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8
Q

What led Aristotle to arrange all the organisms he knew in a “scale of nature” that extended from the exceedingly simple to the most complex?

A

Finding much evidence of natural affinities among organisms

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9
Q

What is half-life?

A

The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to change into a different atom

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10
Q

Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?

A

He was among the first to correctly interpret these unusual finds as the remains of animals that had existed in previous ages but had become extinct.

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11
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of one species that live in the same geographic area at the same time

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12
Q

How many years ago was the Triassic period?

A

240 million years ago

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13
Q

Where are sediment particles usually deposited?

A

Riverbeds, lake bottoms, and ocean floors

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14
Q

What is an example of artificial selection?

A

Dog breeders that breed numerous desired dog varieties

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15
Q

What did Pangea separate into around 120 million years ago?

A

Laurasia and Gondwana

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16
Q

What is continental drift?

A

When various landmasses have separated over a long period of time

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17
Q

What do index fossils do?

A

They characterize a specific layer over large geographic areas

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18
Q

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:
The term evolution does not refer to changes that occur in an individual within it’s lifetime. Instead, it refers to the changes in…

A

The characteristics of populations over the course of many generations.

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19
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in DNA

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20
Q

How does sedimentary rock form?

A

By the accumulation and solidification of particles produced by the weathering of older rocks

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21
Q

Name 3 men that were some of the founders of the modern synthesis and their occupation

A
  1. British Geneticist J.B.S. Haldone
  2. British Biologist Julian Huxley
  3. U.S. Biologist Ernst Mayr
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22
Q

What hemisphere was Gondwana?

A

Southern Hemisphere

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23
Q

What is the half-life of potassium-40?

A

1.3 billion years

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24
Q

What is plate tectonincs?

A

The movement of the crustal plates

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25
FINISH THIS SENTENCE: Over several generations, a given organ or body part would increase in size if it was used----, or ---- if it was used less
A lot; shrink and possibly dissappear
26
Who produce the most offspring?
The best-adapted individuals
27
What hemisphere was Laurasia?
Northern Hemisphere
28
Who was among the first to correctly interpret these unusual finds as the remains of animals that had existed in previous ages but had become extinct?
Leonardo Da Vinci
29
What is an example of the major evolutionary events perspective of evolution?
The formation of different species from common ancestors.
30
What is the modern synthesis?
The combined principles of Mendelian inheritance with Darwin's theory of natural selection
31
What is artificial selection?
Man choosing certain traits and breeding only individuals that exhibited the desired traits
32
What are fossils?
The remains or traces typically left in sedimentary rock by previously existing organisms
33
When did the scientific community recognize Mendel's work?
Early part of the 20th century
34
What did finding much evidence of natural affinities among organisms lead Aristotle to do?
It led him to arrange all the organisms he knew in a "scale of nature" that extended from the exceedingly simple to the most complex
35
What book did Darwin take with him on his voyage?
Principles of Geology
36
Who noted that population growth is not always desirable?
Thomas Malthus
37
Who was a British naturalist that developed a simple, scientifically testable mechanism to explain the relationship among Earth's diversity of organisms?
Charles Darwin
38
The variation necessary for evolution must be what?
Inherited
39
What is adaptation?
An evolutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reproductive success in a given environment
40
What are index fossils?
Fossils of organisms that existed for a relatively short geological time but were preserved as fossils in large numbers
41
When did Jean Baptiste de Lemark live?
1744-1829
42
What is overproduction?
In every generation each species has the capacity to produce more offspring than can survive
43
What is evolution?
The accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time
44
What are the 2 things that result from natural selection?
1. The population changes over time | 2. The frequency of favorable traits increases in successive generations
45
Who was the first scientist to propose that organisms undergo change over time as a result of some natural phenomenon rather than divine intervention?
Jean Baptiste de Lemark
46
FINISH THE SENTENCE: | Beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, biologists experienced a conceptual breakthrough when they...?
Combined the principles of Mendelian inheritence with Darwin's theory of natural selection
47
What is the biggest challenge in medicine when it comes to evolution?
Medicine must respond to the rapid evolutionary potential of disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses
48
What are radioisotopes?
Radioactive Isotopes
49
When did Thomas Malthus live?
1766-1834
50
What is the half-life of Uranium-235?
704 million years
51
Who was Charles Darwin?
A British naturalist that developed a simple, scientifically testable mechanism to explain the relationship among Earth's diversity of organisms
52
How many years ago was the Cretaceous period?
120 million years ago
53
The accumulation of modification might result in what?
A new species
54
Who was a British naturalist who studied the plants and animals of the Malay Archipelago for 8 years
Alfred Russel Wallace
55
When did Leonardo Da Vinci live?
1452-1519
56
How many years ago did Pangea breakup into Laurasia (Northern Hemisphere) and Gondwana (Southern Hemisphere)
120 million years ago
57
What did Aristotle visualize?
He visualized organisms as being imperfect but "moving toward a more perfect state."
58
What is biogeography?
The study of the past and present geographic distribution of organisms
59
Why would population not be desirable?
It will out strip the food supply
60
How many years ago was the Paleogene period?
60 million years ago
61
When did Aristotle live?
384-322 B.C.E.
62
What is the half-life of Carbon-14?
5,730 years
63
What was Darwins developed workable scientific explanation of evolution?
Natural Selection
64
What might cause the development of a new species?
The accumulation of modification
65
What is the movement of the crustal plates?
Plate Tectonics
66
Who was Jean Baptiste de Lemark?
The first scientist to propose that organisms undergo change over time as a result of some natural phenomenon rather than divine intervention
67
What are homologous features?
Features that are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor
68
When did Charles Darwin live?
1809-1882
69
What is the independent evolution of similar structures in distantly related organisms
Convergent Evolution
70
What are vestigial structures?
Remnants of more developed structures that were present and functional in ancestral organisms
71
What does molecular evidence for evolution include?
The universal genetic code and the conserved sequences of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides in DNA
72
FINISH THE SENTENCE: As early as 1975, biologists were suggesting that --- were responsible for many differences between closely related species
The regulatory changes in gene expression, particularly of genes involved in development
73
What did Malthus suggest that the conflict between population growth and food supply generates?
Famine, disease, and war
74
What do organisms owe their characteristics to?
The types of proteins they posses
75
When did Alfred Russel Wallace live?
1823-1913
76
What is DNA sequencing?
Determining the order of nucleotide bases in DNA
77
What is convergent evolution?
The independent evolution of similar structures in distantly related organisms
78
What are features that are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor?
Homologous Features
79
Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?
A British naturalist who studied the plants and animals of the Malay Archipelago for 8 years

General Biology II (6 decks)

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