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Bio > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

asexual reproduction definition

A

mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a single parent, producing an individual genetically identical to that parent

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2
Q

three types of asexual reproduction

A

budding
binary fission
pathogenesis

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3
Q

sexual reproduction definition

A

mode of reproduction in which the genomes of two individuals are mixed to produce an individual that is genetically distinct from its parents

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4
Q

diploid definition

A

describes a cell or organism containing two sets of homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

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5
Q

homolog definition

A

a gene, chromosome, or any structure that has a close similarity to another as a result of common ancestry

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6
Q

gamete definition

A

cell type in a diploid organism that carries only one set of chromosomes and is specialized for sexual reproduction (sperm or egg)

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7
Q

haploid definition

A

describes a cell or organism with only one set of chromosomes

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8
Q

zygotes contain ________ from both the mother and father

A

homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

germ line definition

A

the lineage of reproductive cells that contributes to the formation of a new generation of organisms, as distinct from somatic cells, which form the body and leave no descendants in the next generation

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10
Q

somatic cell definition

A

any cell that forms part of the body of a plant or animal that is not a germ cell or germ-line precursor

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11
Q

allele definition

A

an alternative form of a gene; for a given gene, many alleles may exist in the gene pool of the species

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12
Q

meiosis definition

A

specialized type of cell division by which eggs and sperm cells are made
two successive nuclear divisions with only one round of DNA replication generate four haploid cells from an initial diploid cell

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13
Q

what occurs during the meiotic prophase

A

each duplicated paternal chromosomes locates and then attaches itself along the entire length to the corresponding duplicated maternal homolog
also known as pairing

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14
Q

pairing definition

A

in meiosis, the process by which a pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes attach to one another to form an aligned, linear structure containing four sister chromatids

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15
Q

sister chromatid definition

A

copy of a chromosome, produced by DNA replication, that still remains bound to the other copy

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16
Q

bivalent definition

A

structure formed when a duplicated chromosome pairs with its homolog at the beginning of meiosis; contains four sister chromatids

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17
Q

the _______ will separate during meiosis I and the _______ will separate during meiosis II

A

maternal and paternal homologs
individual sister chromatids

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18
Q

bivalents are/are not very stable

A

are

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19
Q

homologous recombination definition

A

during meiosis, the mechanism results in an exchange of genetic information between the maternal and paternal homologs

20
Q

crossing-over definition

A

process by whereby two homologous chromosomes break at corresponding sites and rejoin to produce two recombined chromosomes that have physically exchanged segments of DNA

21
Q

what facilitates the crossing-over process

A

synaptonemal complex

22
Q

chiasma definition

A

X-shaped connection between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis
representing a site of crossing-over between two non-sister chromatids

23
Q

crossing-over is required for the correct ________

A

segregation of the two duplicated homologs into separate daughter nuclei

24
Q

what do cohesion proteins do

A

keep the sister chromatids glued together along their entire length at meiosis I

25
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

when homologs fail to separate properly, causing some haploid cells to lack a chromosome while others have an extra copy

26
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

condition when eggs or sperm contain the wrong number of chromosomes

27
Q

fertilization definition

A

the fusion of two gametes-sperm and egg-to produce a new individual organism

28
Q

zygote definition

A

diploid cell produced by fusion of a mole and a female gamete

29
Q

genotype definition

A

the genetic makeup of a cell or organism, including which alleles it carries

30
Q

homozygous definition

A

possessing identical alleles for a given gene

31
Q

heterozygous definition

A

possessing dissimilar alleles for a given gene

32
Q

phenotype definition

A

the observable characteristics of a cell or organism

33
Q

law of segregation definition

A

mendel’s first law of inheritance, which states that the two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and then unite at random with an allele from the other parent during fertilization

34
Q

pedigree definition

A

chart showing the line of descent, or ancestry, of an individual organism

35
Q

genetic map definition

A

a graphic representation of the order of genes in chromosomes spaced according to the amount of recombination that occurs between then

36
Q

loss-of-function mutation definition

A

a genetic alteration that reduces or eliminates the activity of a gene

37
Q

gain-of-function mutation definition

A

genetic change that increases the activity of a gene or makes it active in inappropriate circumstances
usually dominant

38
Q

genetics definition

A

the study of genes, heredity, and the variation that gives rise to differences between one living organism and another

39
Q

classic genetic approach definition

A

a set of experimental techniques through which mutations are used to identify the genes responsible for an interesting phenotype

40
Q

genetic screen definition

A

experimental technique used to search through a collection of mutants for a particular phenotype

41
Q

what are conditional mutants

A

the protein product of a mutant gene is only defective under certain conditions

42
Q

complementation test definition

A

genetic experiment that determines whether two mutations that are associated with the same phenotype lie in the same gene or in different genes

43
Q

polymorphism definition

A

DNA sequence for which two or more variants are present at high frequency in the general population

44
Q

single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) definition

A

form of genetic variation in which one portion of the population differs from another in terms of which nucleotide is found at a particular position in the genome

45
Q

haplotype block definition

A

a combination of alleles or other DNA markers that has been inherited as a unit, undisturbed by genetic recombination, across many generations

46
Q

founder effect definition

A

a small number of individuals (some of whom by chance carry a particular mutation) become separated from the larger population. As this subpopulation expands, the frequency of the mutant allele becomes higher than it is in the population as a whole

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