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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells are ___ units of life.

A

fundamental

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2
Q

all cells are enclosed by a ___

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

three domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

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4
Q

Mitochondria function

A

final oxidation of food molecules and produce ATP

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5
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus function

A

synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes

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6
Q

lysosomes function

A

digest larges molecules

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7
Q

chloroplasts function

A

perform photosynthesis

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8
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of

A

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and are responsible for cell shape and movements and for the transport of organelles and large molecular complexes from one intracellular location to another

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9
Q

Living things definition

A
  1. highly organized compared to natural inanimate objects
  2. display homeostasis, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment
  3. reproduce themselves
  4. grow and develop from simple beginnings
  5. take energy and matter from the environment and transform it
  6. respond to stimuli
  7. show adaptation to their environment
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10
Q

all cells have a similar ___

A

basic chemistry

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11
Q

Central dogma

A

genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein

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12
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

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13
Q

Translation

A

RNA -> Protein

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14
Q

Proteins are built from___

A

amino acids

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15
Q

proteins ___ many chemical reactions

A

catalyze

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16
Q

Genome

A

entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA

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17
Q

Genetic changes acted on by selection are best described as the fundamentals of what process?

A

evolution

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18
Q

Is the statement true or false and why:
All cells require oxygen in order to survive

A

it is false because some cells perform anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

light microscopes

A

uses visual light to illuminate speciments

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20
Q

electron microscopes

A

use beams of electrons, see finer detail (see a few nm)
can’t use for living cells
look at thin sections of tissue

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21
Q

fluorescence microscopes

A

use illumination and electronic image processing to see fluorescently labeled cell components in much finer detail (see 20 nm)

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22
Q

What is a drawback of using electron microscopy?

A

it cannot be used to view living cells

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23
Q

What is a drawback to using light microscopy?

A

it cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium

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24
Q

Eukaryotes definition

A

an organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm

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25
Q

prokaryotes definition

A

an organism distinguished by the lack of a nucleus and includes both bacteria and archaea

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26
Q

bacteria often have a ____ surrounding the plasma membrane

A

tough protective coat or cell wall

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27
Q

mitochondria are thought to have evolved from _______

A

aerobic bacteria

28
Q

most archaea live in ____

A

extreme environments

29
Q

archaea genomes are more closely related to ____

A

eukaryotes

30
Q

Some antibiotics target features that are unique to bacterial cells and absent from our own cells. Which of the following would present a safe target for a new antibiotic?
nuclear envelope, plasma membrane. endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall

A

cell wall

31
Q

Which of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or archaea is included within one of the others?

A

archaea

32
Q

Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine? Genome sequencing has revealed that archaea and bacteria-which are both prokaryotes-differ from each other as either does from eukaryotes.

A

false

33
Q

the nucleus is enclosed with membranes that form the _____

A

nuclear envelope

34
Q

chromosome

A

long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism

35
Q

mitochondria definition

A

membrane-enclosed organelle that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells

36
Q

cellular respiration

A

O2 + Sugars -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

37
Q

Mitochondria contain their own ____ and reproduce by ____

A

DNA
dividing

38
Q

chloroplasts definition

A

specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and serves as the sight of photosynthesis

39
Q

photosynthesis

A

sunlight + CO2 + H2O -> Sugars + O2

40
Q

Chloroplasts contain their own ___ and reproduce by ____

A

DNA
divining in two

41
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membrane-enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where lipids and proteins are made

42
Q

golgi apparatus

A

membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies the proteins and lipids in the ER and sorts them for transport to other sites

43
Q

lysosomes

A

small organelles that conduct intracellular digestion, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles into the cytosol and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion form the cell

44
Q

peroxisomes

A

membrane-enclosed vesicles that use hydrogen peroxide to inactivate toxic molecules

45
Q

transport vesicles

A

ferry materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle to another

46
Q

endocytosis

A

portions of the plasma membrane tuck inward and pinch off to form vesicles that carry material captured from the external medium into the cell

47
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium

48
Q

cytosol is the ____ single compartment

A

largest

49
Q

cytoskeleton

A

system of protein filaments in the cytoplasm that gives the cell shape and capacity for directed movements

50
Q

actin filaments

A

thinnest filaments that occur in muscle cells

51
Q

microtubules

A

thickest filaments that help pull duplicated chromosomes apart and distribute them equally to the two daughter cells

52
Q

intermediate filaments

A

middle sized filaments that are used as strength support

53
Q

motor proteins

A

use the energy stored in ATP to trundle along the tracks and cables, carrying organelles and proteins throughout the cytoplasm

54
Q

protozoans

A

free-living, motile, unicellular eukaryotes

55
Q

which cellular component separates the DNA of eukaryotic cells from the cytosol?

A

nuclear membrane

56
Q

which structure or process mediates the exchange of materials between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes, and the outside of the cell?

A

transport vesicles

57
Q

what is mainly studied about E. coli

A

how cells regulate gene expression

58
Q

what is mainly studied about yeast

A

genetics of sexual production

59
Q

what is mainly studied about a nematode worm

A

developmental processes (apoptosis, cancer)

60
Q

what is mainly studied about fruit flys

A

animal genetics

61
Q

what is studied about zebrafish

A

molecular developmental processes (heart and blood vessels)

62
Q

what are mice mainly studied for

A

mammalian genetics, development, immunology, cell biology

63
Q

homologous

A

genes, chromosomes, or structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin

64
Q

which term best describes a pair of genes that derived from a common ancestral gene?

A

homologous

65
Q

which of the following is frequently studied as a model vertebrate?
Drosophilia melangaster, Arabidopsis thailana, jellyfish, zebrafish

A

zebrafish

66
Q

which statement is NOT true of E.coli?
can be grown in the laboratory, normally lives in the guts of humans other vertebrates, stores genetic information in the form of DNA, is a model eukaryote

A

is a model eukaryote

Bio (15 decks)

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