Chapter 13

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones with release of energy

Question 2

inputs and outputs of glycolysis

Answer 2

inputs: glucose, ADP, NAD+
outputs: ATP, NADH, pyruvate

Question 3

inputs and outputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 3

inputs: acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, GDP,FAD
outputs: CO2, NADH, GTP, FADH2

Question 4

inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 4

inputs: NADH, O2,ADP
outputs: ATP, H2O,NAD+

Question 5

stage 1 of catbolism

Answer 5

enzymes convert large polymers into simpler monomers (digestion)

Question 6

stage 2 of catabolism

Answer 6

glycolysis splits each molecule of glucose into two pyruvate and generates ATP and NADH
produce acetyl CoA from pyruvate

Question 7

stage 3 of catabolism

Answer 7

mitochondria
citric acid cycle
produce CO2, NADH, ATP

Question 8

glycolysis

Answer 8

takes place in the cytosol
produces 2 pyruvate from 1 glucose
2 ATP are initially consumed and 4 produced (net 2), energy investment for energy payoff

Question 9

Kinase function

Answer 9

catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to molecules

Question 10

isomerase function

Answer 10

catalyzes the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule

Question 11

dehydrogenase function

Answer 11

catalyzes the oxidation of a molecule by removing a H atom plus an electron

Question 12

mutase function

Answer 12

catalyzes the shifting of a chemical group from one position to another within a molecule

Question 13

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 13

ATP is formed by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

Question 14

product in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 14

lactate

Question 15

product of yeast fermentation

Answer 15

ethanol

Question 16

processes can use an energetically _____ reaction to couple with an energetically ______ reaction

Answer 16

favorable
unfavorable

Question 17

step 1 of glycolysis

Answer 17

glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form a sugar phosphate
the negative charge of the phosphate prevents passage of the sugar phosphate through the plasma membrane, trapping glucose inside the cell

Question 18

step 2 of glycolysis

Answer 18

1 to carbon 2, forming a ketose from an aldose sugar

Question 19

step 3 of glycolysis

Answer 19

hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is phosphorylated by ATP
entry of sugars is regulated by the enzyme phosphofructokinase

Question 20

step 4 of glycolysis

Answer 20

six carbon sugar is cleaved to produce two three carbon molecules

Question 21

step 5 of glycolysis

Answer 21

dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to form a second molecule of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate

Question 22

step 6 of glycolysis

Answer 22

two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced are oxidized
NADH and H+ are formed

Question 23

step 7 of glycolysis

Answer 23

transfer to ADP of high-energy phosphate group that was generated in step 6 forms ATP

Question 24

step 8 of glycolysis

Answer 24

phosphate ester linkage is moved from carbon 3 to carbon 2

Question 25

step 9 of glycolysis

Answer 25

removal of water from 2-phosphoglycerate creates a high-energy enol phosphate linkage

Question 26

step 10 of glycolysis

Answer 26

transfer to ADP of the high energy phosphate group that was generated in step 9 forms ATP

Question 27

citric acid cycle definition

Answer 27

series of reactions that generate large amounts of NADH by oxidizing acetyl groups derived from food molecules to CO2
takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 28

outputs of the citric acid cycle

Answer 28

3 NADH
FADH2
GTP

Question 29

anabolic pathway definition

Answer 29

series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which large biological molecules are synthesized from smaller subunits

Question 30

oxidative phosphorylation definition

Answer 30

membrane-based process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons derived from food molecules to molecular oxygen

Question 31

electron-transport chain definition

Answer 31

series of membrane-embedded electron carrier molecules that facilitate the movement of electrons from a higher to a lower energy level

Question 32

gluconeogenesis definition

Answer 32

set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is synthesized from small organic molecules

Question 33

feedback regulation definition

Answer 33

process whereby enzymes are either positively or negatively regulated in response to the levels of metabolites that are not their substrates