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A&P > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a closed system?

A

What gets pumped out gets pumped back

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2
Q

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

A

Artery, capillary, and vein

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3
Q

What is an artery?

A

Carries blood away from heart

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4
Q

What is the capillary?

A

Exchange nutrients and waste

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5
Q

What is a vein?

A

Carries blood towards the heart

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6
Q

What are the 3 tunics vessels are made of?

A

Tunica intima, media, and externa

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7
Q

Properties of the tunica intima?

A

Lines lumen wall.
Simple squamous endothelial layer.
Forms smooth layer (decrease in friction).
Subendothelial layer: basement membrane.
Present in al l vessels; thin flat layer.

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8
Q

Properties of the tunica media?

A

Thickest layer.
Smooth muscle and elastin connective tissue.
Vasoconstrict or vasodilate.
Epinephrine.
Not present in all vessels.

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9
Q

Properties of the tunica externa?

A

Outermost layer.
Loose collagen connective tissue.
Nerves and lymph vessels.
Vasa vasorum: blood vessels that carry nutrients.

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10
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Takes fluid lost from capillaries and brings back to cardiovascular system

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11
Q

How does blood get around restricted blood vessels?

A

Anastomoses

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12
Q

What are anastomoses?

A

Very prominent in capillaries.
Alternate pathways.

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13
Q

What are collateral channels?

A

Natural bypass; when artery develops second route to get them from point A to point B

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14
Q

What is the distribution of blood in the cardiovascular system when at rest?

A

Systemic arteries and arterioles: 15%
Pulmonary blood vessels: 12%
Heart: 8%
Capillaries: 5%
Systemic veins and venules: 60%

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15
Q

Properties of elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

Thick-walled arteries near the heart.
Large lumen: low-resistance to flow.
Contain elastin.
Smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations.
Serve as pressure reservoirs.
Always blood in the blood vessels.

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16
Q

Properties of muscular arteries?

A

Distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs.
Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle.
Active in vasoconstriction.
Branching off aorta.
Can withstand high pressures.

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17
Q

Properties of arterioles?

A

Smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds.
Control flow into capillary beds (resistance vessels).
Resistance vessels.
Greatest resistance in cardiovascular system.
Branch and branch and branch.
Have all 3 tunics.

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18
Q

Properties of capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels.
Thin tunica interna (only).
Nutrient exchange takes place here.
Large surface area.
3 structural types.

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19
Q

What is the biggest elastic artery?

A

Aorta

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20
Q

Properties of continuous capillaries?

A

Abundant in the skin and muscles.
- endothelial cells provide uninterrupted lining.
- adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions.
- clefs allow small things to pass through.
Continuous capillaries of the brain:
- tight junctions completely around the endothelium.
- thick basal lamina.
- blood-brain barrier: continuous capillary with tons of tight junctions; restricts crossing of fluids and nutrients.

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21
Q

Properties of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Found wherever capillary absorption occurs.
Endothelium with pores.
Greater permeability

22
Q

Properties of sinusoids?

A

Leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens.
Liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and some endocrine organs.
Allow large molecules to pass between blood and surrounding tissues.
Very large clefts.

23
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries

24
Q

What does a precapillary sphincter do?

A

Prevent blood flow into the capillaries when constricted

25
Q

When do sphincters relax?

A

When tissues need more nutrients

26
Q

What direction is blood carried towards in the venous system?

A

Towards the heart

27
Q

What are venous capillaries?

A

Formed when capillary beds unite.
Porous.

28
Q

What are postcapillary venules?

A

Smallest venules, composed of endothelium and a few pericytes

29
Q

What are large venules?

A

One or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)

30
Q

Properties of veins

A

Formed when venules converge.
Composed of 3 tunics: tunica intima, thin media, and thick externa.

31
Q

What valves do veins have?

A

one-way

32
Q

What is blood flow?

A

Volume of blood flowing through a vessel

33
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Force exerted per unit area on a vessel wall (mmHg); arterial pressure; pressure differences (gradient).

34
Q

What is resistance?

A

Opposition to flow (peripheral resistance), viscosity, vessel length and vessel radius

35
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Measure of the resistance of a fluid

36
Q

What is blood vessel radius?

A

1/2 the diameter

37
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contraction.
ex. peak blood pressure in the aorta.

38
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular relaxation.
ex. the pressure necessary to open the aortic valve.

39
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

40
Q

Pulse pressure equation?

A

Pulse pressure = SBP - DBP

41
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Pressure that propels the blood to the tissues

42
Q

MAP equation?

A

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)

43
Q

What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (Q)
Peripheral resistance (R)
Blood volume

44
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x resistance
Blood pressure = Q x R

45
Q

What does blood pressure vary directly with?

A

Q, R, and blood volume

46
Q

What is the maintenance or modulation of blood pressure?

A
  1. Q
  2. Vastone
  3. Plasma volume
47
Q

What are the controls of blood pressure?

A
  1. Short-term
    - neural
    - hormonal
    - humeral
  2. Long-term
    - neural regulation
48
Q

Neural: vasomotor control

A

SNS.
Receptors: alpha1 and beta2.
Baroreceptors. (pressure-sensitive)
Chemoreceptors. (CO2 and H+ sensitive)
Higher brain centers. (hypothalamus)

49
Q

Hormonal control

A

Vasoconstriction:
- catecholamines
- ang II
- endothelium-derived factors
Blood volume:
ADH and ANP

50
Q

Humeral control

A

Vasodilation:
- nitric oxide
- inflammatory chemicals
- increase in K+
- increase in CO2
- increase in H+

51
Q

How do long-term controls control blood pressure?

A

alter blood volume

A&P (8 decks)

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