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A&P > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Which neuron is involved in the sensory (afferent) division?

A

1st order neuron

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2
Q

Which neuron is involved in the motor (efferent) division?

A

Lower motor neuron

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3
Q

The ANS consists of motor neurons that

A

Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities.
Operate via subconscious control.

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4
Q

Other names for the ANS

A

Involuntary nervous system.
General visceral motor system.

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5
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic division.
  2. Parasympathetic division.
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6
Q

What is dual innveration?

A

Almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects

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7
Q

Where are cell bodies in the CNS found?

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

What group fibers are found in the somatic nervous system?

A

Group A

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9
Q

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron found in the parasympathetic division?

A

Ventral horn/lateral horn

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10
Q

What group fiber is the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

A

Group B

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11
Q

What group fiber is the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

A

Group C

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12
Q

How many neurons to get from the CNS to effector organs in the somatic nervous system?

A

1

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13
Q

How many neurons to get from the CNS to effector organs in the autonomic nervous system?

A

2

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14
Q

What is the anatomical and physiological name of the parasympathetic division?

A

Anatomical: craniosacral
Physiological: rest and digest

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15
Q

What size fibers does the parasympathetic division have?

A

Long pre fibers and short post fibers

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16
Q

Where are the ganglia of the vagus nerve and what are the effector organs?

A

Ganglia: within the walls of target organ
Effector organs: heart, lungs, and most visceral organs

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17
Q

What is the anatomical and physiological name of the sympathetic division?

A

Anatomical: thoracolumbar
Physiological: fight or flight

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18
Q

Where do neurons in the sympathetic division originate from?

A

Thoracic or 1st two of spinal cord

19
Q

What does the white ramus run to?

A

From the spinal nerve out to the ganglionic trunk

20
Q

What does the gray ramus run to?

A

From the ganglionic trunk back to the spinal nerve

21
Q

What are the rami?

A

Axons connecting the spinal nerve and trunk

22
Q

Name the four pathways of sympathetic innervation

A
  1. Synapse at same level
  2. Synapse at a higher level
  3. Synapse at a lower level
  4. Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column
23
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

A

ACh and norepinephrine

24
Q

What do preganglionic fibers in the ANS secrete?

A

ACh

25
Q

What do all fiber in the parasympathetic division of the ANS secrete?

A

ACh

26
Q

What do the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division secrete?

A

Norepinephrine

27
Q

Properties of nicotinic receptors

A

Most common.
Ligand gated channels.
Skeletal muscle.
Cell bodies and dendrites of postganglionic fibers.
Always get EPSP.
No inhibition: only thing that matters is if its a strong enough stimulus.

28
Q

Properties of muscarinic receptors

A

Very different.
2nd messenger system.
Some generate IPSPs.

29
Q

Properties of Beta 1

A

Excitatory.
Increases heart rate and strength.
Stimulates renin release by kidneys.

30
Q

Properties of Beta 2

A

Inhibitory.
Relaxation of smooth muscle.
Found in blood vessels and airways of lungs.

31
Q

Properties of Alpha 1

A

Excitatory.
Cause contraction of smooth muscle.

32
Q

How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ?

A
  1. Effectors
  2. Efferent pathways (and their neurotransmitters)
  3. Target organ responses to neurotransmitters
33
Q

Somatic nervous system effectors

A

Skeletal muscles

34
Q

Autonomic nervous system effectors

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

35
Q

Role of parasympathetic division

A

Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy.
Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal.
- blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
- gastrointestinal tract activity is high
- pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision

36
Q

Role of sympathetic division

A

Mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight-or-flight” system.
Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened.
- blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
- bronchioles dilate
- liver releases glucose

37
Q

Dual innervation of the sympathetic division

A

Increases heart and respiratory rates, and inhibits digestion and elimination

38
Q

Dual innervation of the parasympathetic division

A

Decreases heart and respiratory rates, and allows for digestion and the discarding of wastes

39
Q

Sympathetic Tone

A

Sympathetic division controls blood pressure, even at rest.
Sympathetic tone: keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction.
Sympathetic fibers fire: more rapidly to constrict blood vessels and cause blood pressure to rise; less rapidly to prompt vessels to dilate to decrease blood pressure

40
Q

What is sympathetic tone essential for?

A

Regulating blood pressure

41
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A

Parasympathetic division normally dominates the heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs: slows the heart.
Sympathetic division can override these effects during times of stress

42
Q

Cooperative effects

A

External genitalia.
Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation; responsible for erection.
Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation

43
Q

Localized vs. diffuse effects

A

Parasympathetic division: short-lived, highly localized control over effectors.
Sympathetic division: long-lasting, bodywide effects.
- inactivated more slowly than ACh.
- NE and epinephrine are released into the blood and remain until destroyed by liver

44
Q

Control of ANS functioning

A

Cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) –> limbic system (emotional input) –> hypothalamus (overall integration; the boss) –> brain stem –> spinal cord

A&P (8 decks)

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