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A&P > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue does blood arise from?

A

connective tissue (mesenchyme)

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2
Q

What is blood?

A

a fluid that contain cells, proteins, electrolytes, and more

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3
Q

What does blood not provide?

A

structural support or binding of tissues

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4
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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5
Q

What is the average temperature?

A

38 degrees C

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6
Q

How much body weight does blood account for?

A

8%

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7
Q

Average volume of blood?

A

Males: 5 - 6 L
Females: 4 - 5 L

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8
Q

What are blood clots?

A

fibers that are released into the blood

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9
Q

True/false: blood temp is warmer than body temp

A

true

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10
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

simple measurement; effort to express volume of blood made up of red blood cells

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11
Q

Hematocrit for females?

A

42%

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12
Q

Hematocrit for males?

A

45%

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13
Q

Functions of blood?

A
  1. Distribution:
    - transport O2, waste, and hormones
  2. Regulation:
    - body temp
    - fluid volume
  3. Protection:
    - prevent blood loss and infection
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14
Q

How much water is plasma made up of?

A

90%

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15
Q

What are the solutes found in plasma?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Nutrients
  3. Electrolytes
  4. Gases
  5. Hormones
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16
Q

How does blood regulate body temp?

A

Body keeps blood from going to hands when cold to keep you from losing heat

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17
Q

How does blood regulate fluid volume?

A

essential for blood pressure; RAAS

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18
Q

How blood prevent blood loss?

A

platelets (stops bleeding) and fibrinogen (scab)

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19
Q

Where is fibrinogen produced?

A

liver

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20
Q

What are the formed elements of whole blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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21
Q

True/false: formed elements are not related to plasma

A

true

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22
Q

What is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

neutrophils

23
Q

What are platelets?

A

fragments of cells

24
Q

Which is a true cell and why?

A

leukocyte; they have a nucleus

25
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

A

biconcave discs

26
Q

Properties of erythrocytes

A

Anucleate.
Essentially no organelles.
Filled with hemoglobin (Hb): 97%

27
Q

What is spectrin?

A

Plasma membrane protein that gives erythrocytes their flexibility and allows them to change shape as necessary.
Increases lifespan of membrane by making it more durable.

28
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Primary component of erythrocytes; complex protein that can bind to and transport oxygen.

29
Q

What is hemoglobin made up of?

A

4 smaller subunits known as globins

30
Q

What is a heme group?

A

Nitrogen and iron containing structure found at the center of each globin protein

31
Q

What does each globin have?

A

a heme group

32
Q

How is oxygen in blood transported?

A

bound to hemoglobin

33
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules can one red blood cell carry?

A

250 million

34
Q

How many oxygen molecules does one Hb carry?

35
Q

How many oxygen molecules per red blood cell?

A

about 1 billion

36
Q

What is the hemoglobin amount in children?

A

14 - 20 g/100mL whole blood

37
Q

What is the hemoglobin amount in men?

A

13 - 18 g/100mL whole blood

38
Q

What is the hemoglobin amount in women?

A

12 - 16 g/100mL whole blood

39
Q

How much cardiac output do the kidneys receive every minute?

40
Q

What does erythropoietin do and where is it regulated?

A

increases RBC production and is regulated in the kidneys

41
Q

What are the kidneys involved in?

A

Increasing stimulation of RBC production, not decreasing RB number

42
Q

What is EPO?

A

amino acid-based hormone that binds to membrane bound receptors to promote RBC production

43
Q

What type of feedback loop is erythropoiesis?

A

negative feedback loop

44
Q

Erythropoiesis:

A

Homeostasis: normal blood oxygen levels.
Stimulus: hypoxia due to decrease RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin, or decreased availability of O2
1. Reduces O2 levels in blood.
2. Kidney (and liver) releases erythropoietin.
3. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow.
4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count.
5. Increases O2-carrying ability of blood.

45
Q

Shortened version of erythropoietin

A

Kidneys detect drop and secrete EPO, which stimulates release of immature RBCs from red bone marrow

46
Q

How long do RBCs last?

A

100 - 120 days

47
Q

Fate of RBC’s process:

A
  1. Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce EPO.
  2. EPO levels rise in blood.
  3. EPO and raw materials in blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
  4. New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function about 120 days.
  5. Aged and damaged RBCs are engulfed by the macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; Hb is broken down:
    - break up 4 globins and separate heme from protein component
    - heme goes in one direction and globin goes in another direction
    - globin (amino acids) go back into the blood stream to be reused for something else
    - heme - bilirubin portion - goes to gallbladder to become a component of bile
    - heme - iron part - gets stored in the hepatocytes to be bound to transferrin to travel in the bloodstream
    - Fe, B12, and folic acid are absorbed from intestine and enter blood
48
Q

Erythrocyte disorders: anemias

A
  1. Decrease in number of RBCs:
    - hemorrhage: blood loss
    - hemolysis: premature lysis (blood transfusion, bacterial or viral infection)
    - aplastic: destruction/inhibition of marrow (drugs, radiation, viruses).
  2. Decrease in Hb content:
    - iron deficiency (diet)
    - athlete’s anemia (normal)
    - pernicious anemia: B12 deficiency; vegans: diet; intrinsic factor deficiency absorption of B12
  3. Abnormal Hb
    - Thalassemias: missing 1 globin; mediterranean; RBCs are thin and delicate without Hb.
    - Sickle-cell: occurs after unloading of O2; malaria resistance in blacks
49
Q

Percentages of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes:
    - neutrophils (50 - 70%)
    - eosinophils (2 - 4%)
    - basophils (0.5 - 1%)
  2. Agranulocytes:
    - lymphocytes (25 - 45%)
    - monocytes (3 - 8%)
50
Q

Leukocyte disorders

A
  1. Leukemia: cancer of white blood cells that produces non-functioning WBCs
  2. Mononucleosis: viral infection (agranulocytes)
51
Q

Stem cell for platelets?

A

Hemocytoblast

52
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

53
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

54
Q

What antibodies do you produce?

A

Against what you don’t have

A&P (8 decks)

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