chapter 19 Flashcards
Chemical produced by a gland that regulates body organs
Hormone
Inherited disease that affects red blood cells
Sickle cell disease
Diabetes that usually starts in childhood; requires insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of acids in the body
Acidosis
Hormone that enables glucose to enter the cells
Insuline
State of unconsciousness resulting from several problems, including ketoacidosis, dehydration, and hyperglycemia
Symptomatic hyperglycemia
Excessive urination
Polyuria
A tendency to develop blood clots
Thrombophilia
Excessive eating
Polyphagia
The study of blood-related diseases
Hematology
Primary fuel, along with oxygen, for cellular metabolism
Glucose
Deep, rapid breathing
Kussmaul respirations
Extremely high blood glucose level
Hyperglycemia
Metabolic disorders in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates is imparied
Diabetes mellitus
Excessive thirst persisting for a long period of time
Polydipsia
Disorder that causes an inability to develop blood clots
Hemophilia
Diabetes with onset later in life; may be controlled by diet and oral medication
Type 2 diabetes
When the body’s cells do not receive the glucose they require, the body resorts to burning _________ for energy
fat
normal blood glucose levels range from _______ mg/dL
80 to 120
A sickle cell-related issue that results in unintentional clot formation is know as a(n):
Vasoocclusive crisis
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the hormone _________ is missing or ineffecitve
Insuline
Emergency care of a patient with hematologic disorder includes all of the following EXECPT:
- rapid transport for patients with an altered mental status.
- providing supportive and symptomatic care.
- oxygen at 4 L/min for patients with inadequate breathing.
- placing patients in a position of comfort.
oxygen at 4 L/min for patients with inadequate breathing
The accumulation of ketones and fatty acids in blood tissue can lead to a dangerous condition in diabetic patients known as:
Diabetic ketoacidosis
The term for excessive eating as a result of cellular “hunger” is:
Polyphagia
Insulin is produced by the:
Pancreas
The patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) will generally have a fingerstick glucose level higher than:
400 mg/dL
Where is glycogen stored in the body?
Liver
The sweet or fruity odor on the breath of a patient is commonly found in what condition?
Hyperglycemia
What condition increases a patient’s risk for developing thrombophilia
Cancer
Oral diabetic medications do NOT include:
- micronase
- glucotrol
- januvia
- insulin
Insulin
Which of the following is a contraindication to the administration of oral glucose?
Inability to swallow
_______ is the hormone that is normally produced by the pancreas that enables glucose to enter the cells
Insulin
The term for excessive urination is:
Polyuria
When fat is used as an immediate energy source, _______ and fatty acids are formed as waste products.
Ketones
An African American patient complaining of severe, generalized pain may have undiagnosed:
Sickle cell disease
The onset of hypoglycemia can occur within:
Minutes
Without______, or with very low levels, brain cells rapidly suffer permanent damage
Glucose
_______ is/are a potentially life-threatening complication of hypoglycemia
Seizures
Blood glucose levels are measured in:
Miligrams per deciliter
Diabetic ketoacidosis may develop as a result of:
Too little insulin
Always suspect hypoglycemia in any patient with:
An altered mental status
The most important step in caring for the unresponsive diabetic patient is to:
Open the airway
Determination of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia should be:
Based on your knowledge of the signs and symptoms of each condition
When obtaining the medical history of a patient experiencing a sickle cell crisis, you should:
ask the patient about recent illnesses or stress
a DVT is a worrisome risk for patients who have had:
Joint replacement surgery
When reassessing the diabetic patient after administration of oral glucose, watch for all of the following EXCEPT:
- airway problems
- seizures
- sudden loss of consciousness
- joint pain
Joint pain
Signs and symptoms associated with hypoglycemia include:
Anxious or combative behavior
Hospital interventions for hemophilia may include all of the following EXECPT:
- blood transfusions
- analgesics for pain
- intraveneous (IV) therapy
- decontamination
Decontamination
Because hyperglycemia is a complex metabolic condition that usually develops over the time and involves all of the tissue of the body, correcting this condition may:
take many hours in a hospital setting
A patient with hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia may appear to be:
intoxicated
When patients use fat for energy, the fat waste products increase the amount of acid in the blood and tissue.
True
The glucose of a neonate patient should be above 70 mg/dL
False
The life span of a normal red blood cell is approximately 50 to 75 days
False
If blood glucose levels remain low, a patient may lose consciousness or have permanent brain damage
True
Higher glucose levels in the blood cause the excretion of glucose in urine
True
People with hemophilia A have an increased ability to create a clot after an injury
False
Diabetic emergencies can occur when a patient’s blood glucose level gets to high or drops too low
True
Diabetic patients may require insulin to control their blood glucose
True
Insulin is one of the basic sugars essential for cell metabolism in humans
False
A clot that forms deep in a vein is called an aplastic crisis
False
Diabetes can cause kidney failure, blindness, and damage to blood vessels
True
Most children with diabetes are insulin dependent
True
Within the red blood cells, leukocytes are responsible for carrying oxygen
False
Many adults with diabetes can control their blood glucose levels with diet alone
True
The full name of diabetes is _____ _____.
diabetes mellitus
_______is a general term for many different conditions that result in the blood clotting more easily then normal.
Thrombophilia
Type 1 diabetes is considered to be a (n)______problem, in which the body becomes allergic to its own tissues and literally destroys them
Autoimmune
An African American patient or any patient of ______ descent who complains of severe pain may have undiagnosed____ ____ disease.
Mediterranean, sickle cell
Diabetes is defined as a lack of or_______ action of insulin
impaired
In_______, the patient cannot drink enough fluid to keep up with the exceedingly high glucose levels in blood
HHNS(hyper-osmolar hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome
_____ is the study and prevention of blood-______disease
Hematology, related
a patient with hypoglycemia needs_____ immediately, and a patient with hyperglycemia needs_____ and IV fluid therapy
sugar, insulin
A tendency to develop blood clots as a result of an abnormality of the coagulation system
Thrombophilia
the passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period
polyuria
The study and prevention of blood-related disorders
hematology
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body are known as _____glands
endocrine
______mellitus is a metabolic disorders in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates is impaired
diabetes
excessive thirst that persists for long periods, despite reasonable fluid intake
polydipsia
______ diabetes typically develops in later life and often can be controlled through diet and oral medications
Type two
a hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that enables glucose in the blood to enter cells
Insulin hormone
A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body
Acidosis
The primary fuel, in conjunction with oxygen, for cellular metabolism
Glucose
______diabetes typically develops in childhood and requires synthetic insulin for proper treatment and control
Type one
a chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs and tissues
Hormone
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)
1.During your rapid full-body scan, you discover a medical alert necklace around his neck that reads “Type 1 Diabetic.” This tells you that he most likely:
produces inadequate amounts of insulin
2.His blood glucose level is 65 mg/dL. You:
suspect hypoglycemia and proceed to give oral glucose
- The patient loses consciousness and a second blood glucose level reads 48mg/dL, how should do all of the following EXECPT:
- call for, or rendezvous with, an ALS unit
- ensure a patent airway
- providing high-flow oxygen
- give oral glucose
give oral glucose
4.Because the patient is unconscious and his blood glucose levels is 48mg/dL, how should the glucose be delivered?
You should not deliver oral glucose
What is insulin, and what is its role in metabolism?
Insulin is a hormone that enables glucose to enter the cells, which is essential for cellular metabolism
What are the preparations of commercially available oral glucose?
- dissolving gel
- chewable tablet
- liquid
What two basic complications are caused by the shape of the red blood cells in people with sickle cell disease?
Due to the oblong shape of the red blood cells, they are poor oxygen carriers and can become lodged in blood vessels and organs
When should you not give oral glucose to a patient experiencing a suspected diabetic emergency?
A patient who is unconscious or unable to swallow should not be given oral glucose
How can thrombophilia lead to a pulmonary embolism?
A patient with thrombophilia has a tendency to develop clots in the blood vessels. These clots can travel through the circulatory system and become lodged in the lungs, obstructing blood flow and oxygen exchange
List at least four key signs and symptoms of HHNS.
- hyperglycemia
- altered mental status, drowsiness, lethargy
- sever dehydration, thirst, dark urine
- visual or sensory
- partial paralysis or muscle weakness
- seizures
When taking a history on a patient with known diabetes, what questions should be asked?
- do you take insulin or any pills that lower your blood sugar?
- do you wear an insulin pump? is it working properly?
- have you taken your usual dose of insulin(or pills) today?
- have you eaten normally today?
- have you had any illness, unusual amount of activity or stress
If a diabetic patient was “fine” two hours ago and now is unconscious and unresponsive, which diabetes-related condition would you suspect and why?
Hypoglycemia, it develops rapidly as opposed to hyperglycemia, which takes longer to develop
What two hormones does the pancreas store that store and play major roles in glucose metabolism?
Glucagon and Insulin
a small portion of the pancreas is filled with islets of Langerhans (regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells), within these islets are alpha and beta cells, which is which?
Alpha cells produce glucagon and Beta cells produce insulin
What are the four components blood is made up of?
- Erythrocytes( red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- platelets
- plasma
what’s the percentage of RBCs/WBCs/and platelets that make up a persons total blood cell volume?
RBCs-42%-47%, carry am important protein, hemoglobin, carries 97% of the O2 in the blood and some of the CO2
WBCs-0.1%-0.2%
Platelets-4%-7% (essential for clot formation)
Whats plasmas job
Serves as the transportation media for all of the blood components as well as protein and minerals
