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Biology 1020 > Chapter 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

With more than a million species– nearly three-quarters of all animal species– these are exemplars of animal diversity.

A

Insects

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2
Q

What characteristics make up an animal? (3)

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multi cellular heterotrophs, and have cells that lack cell walls.
  • Use ingestion (the eating of food)
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3
Q

Absorbs nutrients after ingesting food outside their body?

A

Fungi

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4
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Full set of chromosomes

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5
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

1/2 set of chromosomes

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6
Q

Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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7
Q

The zygote divides by mitosis to form a hallow ball of cells called a ________

A

Blastula

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8
Q

What is formed when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization?

A

Zygote

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9
Q

One side of the blastula folds in and cells become rearranged to form a _______ that establishes three embryonic layers.

A

Gastrula

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10
Q

What are the 3 embryonic layers?

A
  • Endoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
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11
Q

Embryonic layer that forms a lining of the future digestive tract.

A

Endoderm

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12
Q

Embryonic layer that forms an outer layer that will give rise to the skin and nervous system.

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

Embryonic layer that forms a middle layer that will give rise to muscles and most internal organs.

A

Mesoderm

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14
Q

Invagination of ectoderm to form CNS. (makes a tube)

A

Neuralation

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15
Q

An immature individual that looks different from the adult animal.

A

Larva

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16
Q

A larva undergoes a major change in body form, called ____________, and becomes a reproductively mature adult.

A

Metamorphosis

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17
Q

Acceleration of animal diversification during the Cambrian period.

A

Cambrian explosion

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18
Q

The most celebrated source of Cambrian fossils is the _____ ______, containing a cornucopia of perfectly preserved animal fossils.

A

Burgess Shale

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19
Q

What may have caused the Cambrian explosion? (2)

A
  • Increasing complex predator-prey relationships or

- An increase in atmospheric oxygen.

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20
Q

Animals with a backbone.

A

Vertebrates

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21
Q

Animals without a backbone.

A

Invertebrates

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22
Q

Roughly what percent of animals are invertebrates?

A

96%

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23
Q

Animals without true tissues.

A

Sponges

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24
Q

Animals with true tissues.

A

Eumetazoans

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25
Q

Animals with three tissue layers and bilateral symmetry.

A

Bilaterians

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26
Q

Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build what?

A

Phylogenetic trees

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27
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sponges

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28
Q

Simple animals
Do not have true tissues
Usually lack body symmetry, and
Are usually marine, although some are found in fresh water.

A

Sponges

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29
Q

The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region.

A

Choanocytes

Amoebocytes

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30
Q

Helps to sweep water through the sponges body.

A

Choanocytes

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31
Q

Wander through the middle body of the sponge and produce skeletal fibers composed of flexible proteins and mineralized particles called spicules.

A

Amoebocytes

32
Q

Filtering food particles from water passed through food-trapping equipment.

A

Suspension feeders

33
Q

Are sponges suspension feeders?

A

Yes

34
Q

Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells.

A

Cnidarians.

35
Q

Functions in digestion, in circulaion and as a hydrostatic skeleton.

A

Gastrovascular cavity

36
Q

Unique stinging cells that capture prey and function in defense.

A

Cnidocytes

37
Q

The simplest bilaterians.

A

Flat worms

38
Q

Have 3 tissue layers but lack a body cavity.

A

Flat worms

39
Q

Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

A

Flat worms

40
Q

Can be parasitic or free living.

A

Flat worms

41
Q

What are the 3 major groups of flat worms?

A
  • Free-living Flatworms
  • Flukes
  • Tapeworms
42
Q

Planarians

A

Free-living Flat worms

43
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flat worms

44
Q
  • Have heads with light sensitive eyecups.
  • Flaps to detect chemicals.
  • Dense clusters of nerve cells that form a simple brain and a pair o nerve cords that run the length of the body.
  • A branched gastrovascular cavity with a single opening.
A

Free-living flat worms.

45
Q

Are parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles; many have suckers to attach to their hosts.

A

Flukes

46
Q

-Are parasitic
-Inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates.
Consist of a ribbon like body with repeated units.
-No mouth.
-Simply absorb nutrients across their body surface.

A

Tapeworms

47
Q

Also called roundworms, are abundant and diverse.

A

Nematodes

48
Q

Have a body cavity and complete digestive tract.

A

Nematodes

49
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Nematodes

50
Q

Part of the molluscs that functions in locomotion.

A

Foot

51
Q

Part of the molluscs containing most of the internal organs.

A

Visceral mass

52
Q

Do molluscs have a circulatory system?

A

Yes

53
Q

How do molluscs feed?

A

Using a rasping radula, used to scrape up food.

54
Q

Are the largest group of molluscs and included snails and slugs.

A

Gastropods

55
Q

Include clams, oysters, musscles, and scallops.

A

Bivalves

56
Q

Includes squids, octopuses, and nautiluses. Fast agile predators.

A

Cephalopods

57
Q

phylum annelida

A

Annelids

58
Q

Segmented worms

A

Annelids

59
Q

The subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.

A

Segmentation

60
Q

Are segmented. Have nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.

A

Annelids.

61
Q

Blood is pumped through vessels into open body cavities.

A

Open circulatory system.

62
Q

Blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.

A

Closed circulatory system.

63
Q

3 groups of annelids.

A

Earthworms
Polychaetes
Leeches

64
Q

Largest group of annelids. Search for prey on the seafloor or live in tubes and filter food particles.

A

Polychaetes

65
Q

Include crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects.

A

Arthropods.

66
Q

Nearly 75% of ll identified animal species are ________.

A

Insects.

67
Q

Free living larva transforms from pupa into an adult.

A

Complete metamorphosis

68
Q

The transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple molts, but without forming a pupa.

A

Incomplete metamorphosis

69
Q

Diverse group including sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins.

A

Enchinoderms

70
Q

Do enchinoderms have an exoskeleton or endoskeleton?

A

Endoskeleton.

71
Q

Hard calcium-containing plates under a thin skin.

A

endoskeleton.

72
Q

Have the ability to regenerate lost arms.

A

Enchinoderms

73
Q

Defined by

  • a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • a flexible supportive, longitudinal rod, the notochord,
  • pharygeal slits
  • a muscular post anal tail.
A

Chordates

74
Q

Adult tunicates are…..

A

Stationary and attached.

75
Q

Tunicate larva is a ______ like organism.

A

tadpole

76
Q

Small, bladelike chrdates that live in marine sands.

A

Lancelets

Biology 1020 (3 decks)

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