Chapter 18 — Respiratory System Flashcards by renee butler

Which system transports oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from the tissues?

Circulatory system

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What are the two system used to supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?

Circulatory & respiratory

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Which system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood?

Respiratory system

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This is moving air in and out of the lungs

Pulmonary ventilation

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This is gas exchange between alveoli and blood

External respiration

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This is gas exchange between blood and tissues

Internal respiration

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What type of respiration converts deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood?

External respiration

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What Type of respiration converts oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood?

Internal respiration

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What structures are located in the upper respiratory system?

Nose and pharynx

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What structures are located in the lower respiratory system?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

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What are the two functions of the respiratory system?

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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This includes all airways that carry air to the lungs

Conducting zone

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This includes sites inside the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Respiratory zone

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This is the framework of the nose including bone and cartilage.

External portion

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This is the region between the external nose and pharynx.

Internal portion.

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This region includes the bridge, nasal septum, and external nares (nostrils)

External portion

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This region contains internal nares, nasal cavity, olfactory epithelium, and superior, middle, and inferior meatus.

Internal portion

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What are the functions of the nose?

Warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes

Detect olfactory stimuli

Modify vocal sounds

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What functions are performed by the pharynx?

Passageway for air and food
Chamber for speech sounds
Houses tonsils

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What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Maso

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The larynx is made largely of —

Cartilage

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This cartilage is where the vocal cords are located.

Thyroid cartilage

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What structure covers the trachea when swallowing?

Epiglottis

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This cartilage is located in the back

Cricoid cartilage

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This is located superior to cricoid and attaches to vocal cords

Arytenoids

This is the apex of arytenoids & contains vocal cord attachment sites

Corniculate cartilage

What makes up the vocal cords?

Elastic ligaments

How is pitch adjusted in the vocal cords?

By tension

Explain the production of sounds in the vocal cords.

Muscles pull elastic ligaments tight causing vocal cords to vibrate to produce sounds in upper airways.

Why are males pitches lower?

Naturally longer and thicker vocal cords that vibrate slower

This is know as false vocal cords and they force air to travel between vocal cords

Vestibular/ventricular folds

This is the passageway for air

Trachea

The ________ is the area where the trachea branches into left and right sides.

Carina

This is where the coughing reflex is triggered

The carina

The trachea is lined with what type of epithelium?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

What are the rings that support the trachea made of?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the opening of the trachea for a breathing tube?

Tracheotomy

Describe the bronchial tree.

It is the series of respiratory tubes moving progressively smaller.

There are ____ primary bronchi. ___ left and ___ right.

2 primary bronchi. 1 left and 1 right.

These branch to form tertiary bronchi.

Secondary bronchi

There are ____ secondary bronchi. ___ left and ____ right.

5 secondary. 2 left and 3 right.

Put the steps of the bronchial tree in order.

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

This is caused by parasympathetic nerves, histamine, and asthma

Bronchoconstriction

This can be caused by sympathetic nerves, epinephrine, norepinephrine, or related medication

Bronchodilation

The _________ is the bottom of the lungs. The ______ is the pointy top.

Base; apex

The right lung has _____ lobes

The left lobe has ___ lobes.

This is a curve in the left lobe where the heart sits

Cardiac notch

This is attached to the diaphragm and lining thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura

This is attached to lungs

Visceral pleura

This contains fluid between pleurae

Pleural cavity

These are cup shaped outpouching of alveolar sacs

Alveolus (alveoli)

These are simple squamous epithelium that lines alveoli and is the site of gas exchange

Alveolar cells

This secretes surfactant

Surfactant-secreting cells

What is surfactant?

A fluid that lowers surface tension and humidifies

These are immune cells that remove dust, debris and microbes

Dust cells/alveolar macrophages

This describes pressure changes during ventilation as an inverse relationship.

Boyle's law

What is the formula for Boyle's law

P x V = K

_______ is pressure inside the lungs. _______ is pressure of the outside air.

Intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

This is a situation where an enclosed area has lower pressure than the area around it.

Negative pressure

This is breathing in

Inspiration

List the steps of inspiration.

1. The diaphragm constricts 2. The diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves up and out 3. Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs increase 4. Air pressure in the lungs decrease 5. Air flows into the lungs.

What is breathing out?

Expiration

List the steps of expiration.

1. The diaphragm relaxes. 2. The diaphragm become dome-shaped and he ribcage moves down and inward 3. Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs decrease 4. Air pressure within the lungs increase. 5. Air moves out of the lungs.

What is the tendency for an expanded lung to contract?

Lung recoil

What is the liquid mixture of lipoproteins molecules that reduce surface tension in alveoli?

Surfactant

____ is normal breathing, ____ temporary is stoppage of breathing, ____ is painful breathing, and _____ is rapid breathing.

Eupnea; apnea; dyspnea; tachypnea

____ is breaths per minute measured by a ______.

Frequency; spirometer

An average adult has how many respirations per minute?

_____ _____ is the volume of one normal breath which measures to be approximately ______ ____

Tidal volume; 500 mL

98.5% of oxygen gas is transported bound to what?

Hemoglobin

What three factors trigger the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

* High levels of carbon dioxide * Acidity from lactic acid * High temperatures during exercise

Formula for bicarbonate

Carbon dioxide + water + carbonic acid —> hydrogen ion + bicarbonate

What are the brain signals for breathing?

Pons, medulla oblongata, and carbon dioxide levels in blood