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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 18 (Heart) > Flashcards

Chapter 18 (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

How big is your heart?

A

App. the size of your fist

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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

a double-walled sac around the heart composed of several layers

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3
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Protection, anchoring, prevents overfilling of heart with blood

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4
Q

What does the parietal layer of the heart line?

A

The internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

What does the viseral layer (aka epicardium) line?

A

The surface of the heart

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6
Q

What seperates the parietal and viceral layers of the heart?

A

Fluid filled pericardial cavity

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7
Q

What is the function of serous fluid?

A

It helps provide a friction free enviroment

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8
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

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10
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The endotheilial layer of the inner myocardial surface

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11
Q

What does the prefix myo- usually represent?

A

muscle

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12
Q

When you think of coronary which organ do you usually think of?

A

Heart

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13
Q

The atria are the what of the heart?

A

The recieving chambers

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14
Q

Arteries take things _________ from the heart.

A

away

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15
Q

Veins take things __________ the heart.

A

to

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16
Q

Each atrium has a protruding___________?

A

auricle

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17
Q

______________ mark atrial walls.

A

Pectinate muscles

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18
Q

Where does the blood enter the right atria?

A

From the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus.

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19
Q

Where does the blood enter the left atria from?

A

The pulmonary veins

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20
Q

The ventricles are the _____ of the heart.

A

Discharging chambers

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21
Q

Which two muscles mark ventricular walls?

A

Papillary and trabeculae carnae muscles

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22
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into ____?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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23
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ ?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Heart valves ensure ______ blood flow through the heart.

A

Unidirectional

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25
Q

_______ valves lie between the atria and the ventricles

A

(AV) Atrioventricular

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26
Q

_____ valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract.

A

(AV) atrioventricular

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27
Q

_________anchor AV valves to papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendineae

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28
Q

________valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar

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29
Q

________valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary semilunar

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30
Q

Semilunar valves prevent ____ of blood into the ventricles.

A

Semilunar valves prevent ____ of blood into the ventricles.

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31
Q

What are some of the things that you will see when you look at a cardiac muscle?

A

The cardiac muscle is short, branched, fat, and interconnected

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32
Q

______ anchor cardiac cells together

A

intercalated discs

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33
Q

The mitochondria in the heart make it ___?

A

Fatigue resistant

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34
Q

Where are autorhythmic cells located?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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35
Q

What do autorythmic cells do to action potentials?

A

They initiate them

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36
Q

What do autorythmic cells use for rising phase of the action potential

A

Calcium influx

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37
Q

At what rate does the (SA Sinoatrial node) generate impulses?

A

About 75 times a minute

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38
Q

At what rate does the Atrioventicular (av node) delay the impulse?

A

App. 0.1 second

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39
Q

Impulse passes from the atria to ventricles via _____?

A

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his).

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40
Q

Av bundle branches carrty the impulse ___ the apex of the heart

A

toward

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41
Q

Purkinje fibers carry the impulse ___ heart apex and ventricular walls

A

to the

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42
Q

The heart is ______ by the sympathetic cardiovasular center

A

stimulated (speed up)

43
Q

The heart is ______ by the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center

A

inhibited (slow down)

44
Q

The P wave corresponds to ____ of SA node

A

depolorization

45
Q

QRS complex corresponds to ventricular _____

A

depolarization

46
Q

T wave corresponds to ventricular ______

A

replolarization/resting

47
Q

The atrial repolarization record is masked by the larger _____ complex.

A

QRS

48
Q

Heart sounds (lub-dub) are associated with ____ of heart sounds

A

closing

49
Q

The ‘lub’ first heart sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies _____ of systole

A

begining

50
Q

The dub the second heart sound occurs when the SL valves____ at the beginning of ventricular diastole

A

close

51
Q

Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow _____ the heart

A

through

52
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart

53
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

54
Q

What is the first stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling

55
Q

When does ventricular filling occur?

A

Mid-to-late diastole

56
Q

During ventricular filling Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters the ____ and flows into the ventricles

A

atria

57
Q

During ventricular filling AV valves are open, then ______ occurs

A

atrial systol

58
Q

What is the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular systole

59
Q

What does the atria do during ventricular systole?

A

relax

60
Q

In the second stage of the cardiac cycle rising ventricular pressure results in ___ of the av valves

A

closing

61
Q

When referencing diastole what should you always think of ?

A

ventricles

62
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

The ventricular ejection phase

63
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It’s the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

64
Q

CO is the produve of _____ and _____.

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

65
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute

66
Q

What is SV?

A

Stroke volume the amound of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

67
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Its the difference between resting and maximal CO

68
Q

What is the preload?

A

the amount venticles are stretched by contained blood

69
Q

Anything that increases _____ increases edv and thus SV

A

Venous return

70
Q

Blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat ___ SV

A

decrease

71
Q

What is afterload?

A

Afterload is the back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

72
Q

When is afterload an issue?

A

Individuals with hypertension

73
Q

What does hypertension reduce the ability to do?

A

reduces the ability of the ventricles to eject blood

74
Q

What is contractility?

A

its the increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV

75
Q

What does contractililty result in?

A

It results in greater amount of blood being pumped

76
Q

What are some things that increase SV?

A

increased sympathetic stimuli, certain hormones, calcium and some drugs

77
Q

What are some things that decrease Sv?

A

Acidosis, increased extracellular potassium, and calcium channel blockers

78
Q

When you think of chrono what should you always think of?

A

Time

79
Q

What are positive chronotropic factors?

A

Factors that increase the heart rate

80
Q

What are negative chronotropic factors?

A

factors that decrease the heart rate

81
Q

What are some of things that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system?

A

stress, anxiety, excitement, or excersise

82
Q

What are some of the things that mediate the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

What opposes the SNS?

A

The SNS

84
Q

Which of the nervous symptoms dominates autonomic stimulation

A

PNS

85
Q

Pns dominates the autonomis stimulation, slowing heart rate and causing _____?

A

Vagal tone

86
Q

What is the atrial (Bainbridge) reflux?

A

a sympatheic reflux initiated by increased blood in the atria (venous return)

87
Q

How does the atrial reflex increase heart rate and force of contraction by____?

A

causing stimulation of the SA node, stimulating baroreceptors in the atria, causing increased sns stimulation

88
Q

What are two hormones that increase heart rate?

A

Epinephrine and thyroxine

89
Q

What does hypocalcemia do to the heart?

A

depresses heart rate

90
Q

What does hypercalcemia do to the heart?

A

causes erratic heart rates

91
Q

What does hypernatremia do to the heart?

A

blocks heart contraction

92
Q

What does hyperkalemia do to the heart?

A

lowers resting membrane potential (may lead to heart block and cardiac arrest)

93
Q

What does hypokalemia do to the heart?

A

heart beats feeble and arrhythmically

94
Q

When a baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut, what structures change in the heart to dicontinue the bypass system?

A

The foramen ovale connets the two atria and the ductus arteriosus connects the pumonary trunk and the aorta

95
Q

Name the 3 bullet points on the Ventricular filling

A

diastole, av valves are open, and the semi-lunar is closed, atrial systole

96
Q

Name the 2 bullet points on the isovolumetric contractoin

A

all valves are closed systole

97
Q

Name the 2 bullet points on the ventricular ejection

A

systole, semilunar valves are open and the av valves are closed

98
Q

name the 2 bullet points on the isocolumetric relaxation

A

all valves are closed, diastole

99
Q

What does the acyromym LAB RAT stand for?

A

Left atrium bicuspid, and right atrium tricuspid

100
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

normal cardiac muscle and automatic/autorythmic cells

101
Q

What are normal cardiac muscles stimulated by?

A

Influx of calcium

102
Q

How do automatic/autorythmic cells work?

A

They use a calcium influx rather than sodium for the rising phase of the ap

103
Q

The SA node is known as what?

A

your pacemaker

104
Q

Influx of Calcium causes a ___ in the action potential.

A

plateau

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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