Chapter 18 - Drugs Flashcards
the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response
- A behaviour that turns off (or reduces) an aversive stimulus will be reinforced.
- response makes unpleasant stimuli decrease/end
negative feedback
body’s attempt to compensate for unusual condition
– decrease in sensitivity to a drug that comes from repeated use
tolerance
primarily the opposite of the effects of the drug
withdrawl symptoms
liking
hedonic value
wanting
positive-incentive value
anticipated pleasure associated with an action
positive-incentive value
amount of pleasure that is actually experienced.
hedonic value
Animals are first trained to make a response (press a lever), that is reinforced by iv injections of drug (cocaine).
Response is extinguished – injections of saline instead of cocaine.
Once the animal stops responding (pressing the lever), experimenter administers a “free” injection of drug.
In response, animals begin pressing lever again.
- inhibition of dACC prevents reinstatement
- activation of vmPFC inhibits responding
reinstatement
new form of learning, animal does not forget to make a particular response, it learns not to.
- vmPFC plays critical role; stimulation of vmPFC with AMPA blocked reinstatement of responding normally produced by free shot of cocaine
- activation of vmPFC inhibited responding
extinction
involved in the behavioral effects of natural reinforcers
endongenous opiods
(blocks opiate receptors) reduce the reinforcing effects of alcohol in humans and rats.
- blocks u opiate receptors
antagonized the reinforcing and sedative effects
naloxone
sudden withdrawal from long-term administration of a drug caused administration of an antagonistic drug
Antagonist-precipitated withdrawal
Potent DA agonists
cocaine and amphetamine
hallucinations, delusions of persecution, mood disturbances, repetitive behaviours
psychotic behaviours
blocks CB1 receptors
Rimonabant
One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the Western world.
Foetal development
Effects are most serious during last trimester and several years after birth.
FAS
GABAa agonist, NMDA antagonist.
alcohol
Partial agonist for the μ opiate receptor
- drug high affinity for receptor but, activates less than ligand.
decreases ligand effect in high concentration areas
increases in regions low concentrations
- blocks opiate effects
- produces weak effects
Buprenorphine
Conjugated cocaine to a foreign protein which stimulated rats’ immune system to develop antibodies to cocaine
Prevented cocaine from passing BBB, less sensitive to activating effects of cocaine
immunotherapy
antidepressant drug, catecholine reuptake inhibitor
- used for nicotine addiction
Bupropion
partial agonist for the nicotinic receptor
Varenicline
opiate antagonist
Naltrexone
NMDA-receptor antagonist
Acamprosate
GABAa receptor (indirect agonist)
barbituates or benzodiazepines
CB1 cannabinoid receptor (agonist)
weed
nicotinic ACh receptor (agonist)
nicotine
um and delta receptors (agonist)
opiates (heroine, morphine)
blocks DA reuptake
cocaine
NDMA receptor (indirect antagonist)
PCP, Ketamine
release DA - run DA transporter in reverse
amphetamines
produced by unexpected dose of addictive drug.
involved activation of mesolimbic system of dopaminergic neurons
relapses
area involved in suppresion of exctinction
vmPFC
area involved in craving
dACC
opatite receptors in preoptic area
hypothermia
opiate receptors in recticular formation
sedation
opiate receptors in PAG
analgesia
opiate receptors in NAC and VTA
reinforcement
damage to the _____ disrupts smoking addiction
insula
