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Behavioral Neurosciencec 3801 > Chapter 10 - Sexual behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Sexual behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

a behaviour that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females

A

sexually dimorphic behaviour

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2
Q

a matue reproductive cell; a sperm or an egg

A

gamete

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3
Q

the X or Y chromosomes, which determine an organisms gender.
XX = female, XY=male

A

sex chromosomes

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4
Q

an ovary or testes

A

gonad

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5
Q

the gene on the y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes

A

sry

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6
Q

the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

A

organizational effect of hormone

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7
Q

the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may defend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

A

activational effects

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8
Q

the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

A

Mullerian system

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9
Q

the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs

A

Wolffian system

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10
Q

a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs

A

anti-mullerian system

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11
Q

an effect of a hormone present of early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

A

defeminizing effect

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12
Q

a male sex steroid hormone. testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen

A

masculinzing effect

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13
Q

the principal androgen found in males

A

testosterone

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14
Q

an androgen, produced from testosterone through action of the enzyme 5a reductase

A

dihydrotestosterone

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15
Q

a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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16
Q

a condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-mullerian hormone receptors for this hormone; in males, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

A

persistant mullerian duct syndrome

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17
Q

the presence of only one sex chromosome (an x chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia.

A

turner’s syndrome

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18
Q

a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone
- starts onset of puberty (under control of kisspeptin)

A

GnRH

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19
Q

a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has stimulating effects on cells of the gonads
- stimulate the gonads to produce their hormones, which is responsible for sexual maturation

A

gonadotropic hormone

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20
Q

the hormone of the anteriour pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum

A

FSH

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21
Q

a hormone of the anterior pituitary that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.

  • causes ovulation, follicle reptures, and releases ovum.
  • ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum which produces estradoil and progesterone.
A

LH (leuteinizing hormone)

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22
Q

the principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

A

estradoil

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23
Q

a class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females

A

estrogen

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24
Q

the female reproductive cycle of most primates; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum and menstruation

A

menstrual cycle

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25
Q

the female reproductive cycle of mammals other tan primates

A

estrous cycle

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26
Q

a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

A

ovarian follicle

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27
Q

a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradoil and progesterone

A

corpus leteum

28
Q

a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstral cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradoil it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycle
- promotes pregnancy

A

progesterone

29
Q

a period of time after a particular action during which that action cannot occur again

A

refractory period

30
Q

the restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become “exhausted” by sexual activity

A

coolidge effect

31
Q

a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a NT in the brain

A

oxytocin

32
Q

a spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in reponse to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

A

lordosis

33
Q

a chemical released by one animal that effects the behaviour of physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

A

pheromones

34
Q

the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in animals urine; first observed in mice

A

lee-boot effect

35
Q

the synchronization of menstral or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine

A

whitten effect

36
Q

the earlier the onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by pheromones in the male’s urine

A

vandenbergh effect

37
Q

termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female

A

bruce effect

38
Q

a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

A

VNO

39
Q

a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the VNO

A

accessory olfractory buld

40
Q

a nucleus that receives olfractory information from the olfractory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behaviour

A

medial nucleus of the amygdala

41
Q

a condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinisatioin of the external genitalia

A

CAH

42
Q

females ovaries produce

A 
ova
estradoil (estrogens)
43
Q

male testes produce

A

sperm cells

androgens (testosterone)

44
Q

produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus).

- essential for initiation of puberty and maintenance of male and female reproductive ability

A

kisspeptin

45
Q

estadoil in females

A

breast development, growth of lining of uterus, changes in deposition of body fat, maturation of female genitalia

46
Q

androgens in males

A

stimulate growth of facial hair, underarm, and pubic hair, lower the voice, alter hairline on head, stimulate muscular development, genital growth

47
Q

entry of penis into vagina

A

intromission

48
Q

discharge of seman

A

pelvic thrusting

49
Q

sequence of estradiol followed by progesterone has 3 effects on female rats

A

1) receptivity
- ability and willingness to copulate
2) proceptivity
- eagerness to copulate
3) Attractiveness
- psycholigcal and behavioural chanes that affect the male (odor and her behaviour)

50
Q

effects of pheromones

A

AOM sends axons to medial nucleus of amygdala (MeA) projects to anterior and ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus.

51
Q

adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgen’s
prenatal masculinization
boys normal - girls enlarged clitoris

A

CAH

52
Q

birth of a boy with normal teste by lack of penis

A

cloacal exstrophy

53
Q

sexually dimorphic region of hypothalamus, anteriour commissure

  • within MPA
  • larger in males than in females
  • controlled by amount of androgens during fetal development
  • critical period 18th day of gestation
  • lesions decrase masculine sexual behaviour
A

SDN

54
Q

BNST

A

larger in males than females
male-to-female transsexuals, BNST is same size as females
female-to-male transexualds, BNST is the same size as in males
size of BNST was as large in male homosexuals as in male heterosexuals

  • size related to sexual identity, not sexual orientation.
55
Q

unicatie nucleus of hypothalamus (medial preoptic area in rats)

A

twice as large in males than females

size in male-to-female transsexuals is about the same as that of females (similar to BNST)

56
Q

neurons in the unicate nucleus send project to

A

BNST

- neural circuity that affects a person’s sexual identity

57
Q

medial preoptic area

A

gets input from OB and AOB

  • lesions abolish sex behaviour in male rodents
  • mediates effects of pheromones on male sex behaviour
  • recieves input from MeA and BNST
  • recieves somatosensory information from genitals through connections with CTF (central tegmental field) of the mid brain and MeA
58
Q

MeA

A

one region in nucleus is 85% larger in males than females (lots of androgen receptors)

  • destruction disrupts sexual behaviour
  • rats with lesions took longer to mount receptive females and ejaculate
  • mating increased production of Fos
  • receives input from PAG and nPGi of medulla
  • nPGi inhibits spinal cord reflexes (5-HT)
  • MPA supresses inhibition by inhibiting PAG (excites nPGi)
59
Q

Figure Male Sexual Behaviour

A
  • tactile information from genitals of central tegmental field (CTF) mating causes Fos production
  • CTF activate MA (destruction disrupts sex behaviour. mating causes Fos production)
  • MA activates MPA (destory abolishes sex behaviours. prenatal stress reduces size of SDN decrease sex behaviour. mating produces Fos production)
  • MPA activates nPGi of medulla (part of pathway between MPS and motor neurons of spinal cord - ejaculation/erection)
60
Q

ventromedual nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH)

A

biltaeral lesions will not display lordosis

  • stimulation facilitates female sex behaviour
  • MeA projects to VMH
61
Q

Figure female sexual behaviour

A
  • tactile information from genitals activates VMH
  • VMH activates MA
  • VMH activates PAG of midbrain
  • PAG activates reticular formation - activates lordosis
62
Q

peptide in brain responsible for formation of pair bonds - plays bigger role in men

A

vasopressin

63
Q

peptide responsible for formation of pair bonds - plays bigger role in females
- increases trust, relaxation, calmness, well-being

A

oxytocin

64
Q

hormone of anteriour pituitary gland, necessary for milk production

A

prolactin

65
Q

parental behaviours avoidance

A

aversion response that virgin females make toward odor of pups

  • olfactory system inputs to MeA
  • lesions of MeA abolish aversion of virgin females to pups
  • MeA projects to anterior hypothalamus (AH) projects to PAG (avoidance response)
  • MPA inhibits activity of AH-PAG
66
Q

parental caring behaviours

A

MTA projects to VTA and retrorubral field of midbrain

  • dopamengeric neurons in VTA project to NAC (responsible for motivation and reinforcement)
  • NAC projects to ventral pallidum (basal ganglia) involved in control of motivated behaviours

Behavioral Neurosciencec 3801 (8 decks)

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