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basic nursing - vic > Chapter 18 - diagnostic ...pages 586 - 590 & 600 - 603 & 604 - 609 & 619 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - diagnostic ...pages 586 - 590 & 600 - 603 & 604 - 609 & 619 Flashcards

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1
Q

What should be printed on the containers used for a patient in the hospital?

A

patient’s name, hospital identification number and date

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2
Q

What is thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein caused by or associated with the formation of a blood clot.

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3
Q

What should you do if the problem is thrombophlebitis?

A

change the catheter

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4
Q

What should be done before the administration of fluids and/or medications?

A

blood and urine samples

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5
Q

What can alter blood or urine laboratory values?

A

administration of fluids and recent ingestion of high-fat or high-protein meal

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6
Q

What are some factors that determined the route used when administering fluids and medication?

A

patient’s condition and temperament, types of medication or fluid, urgency involved in administering fluid or medication, cost, ease of administration, and whether a systemic or local effect is desired

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7
Q

Pulverized tablets and the contents of capsules can be mixed with?

A

a small volume of food, water, or flavored liquid

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8
Q

How should liquid medication be administered when using a syringe or dropper?

A

the patient’s lower lip is pulled out at the commissure
The tip of the syringe or dropper is placed between the cheek and the gums
Small volumes of liquid are injected
Muzzle should be held at a neutral angle and not elevated

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9
Q

When administering liquid medications, what else can be used when cats react with hypersalivation because of the unpleasant tastes or bitterness of some medictions?

A

flavored liquid compounds

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10
Q

An animal that will not consume baited food is medicated how?

A

by tilting the head back, prying open the jaws, and placing the pill far back on the base of the tongue
Then hold muzzle closed, rub under animal’s chin, tap the tip of the nose, or blow air into the nostrils to stimulate the animal to swallow

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11
Q

What should you do after giving a dry pill?

A

follow up with administration of liquid via a syringe such as flavored liquid (chicken broth or tuna juice)

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12
Q

Why is it best to follow up with liquid after giving a dry pill?

A

because it takes minutes for some medication to travel down the esophagus which can cause irritation and esophageal strictures (a condition in which the diameter of the esophagus is made narrow by scar tissue)

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13
Q

What is a “pill gun” and how is it used?

A

it is a device that administers tablets to fractious (ill-tempered) animals
Secure the tablet in the flexible tip of a plastic rod - then insert it into the back of the mouth - the rod plunger is quickly depressed and the pill is propelled down the esophagus

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14
Q

What is orogastric intubation?

A

placing a tube through the mouth and into the distal esophagus or stomach

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15
Q

Why would you need to do a orogastric intubation?

A

administer medication, food, or fluids, activated charcoal solutions or to lavage the stomach to treat animals that have ingested toxins. Neonates that are orphans or too weak to nurse can be fed milk replacer this way. Can be used to decompress a patient with gastric dilatation (bloated stomach)

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16
Q

What type of tube is used to do a orogastric intubation and how long should it be?

A

10 to 22 French plastic or rubber tube is used and then you need to measure from tip of nose of animal to the 13th rib - then mark this distance on the tube with tape or ink

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17
Q

If the tube for a orogastric intubation is to be placed in the distal esophagus to feed an animal what is the distance needed?

A

measure the distance between the tip of the nose and the 8th rib and mark the distance on the tube with tape or ink

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18
Q

What should be used to lubricate a tube for a orogastric intubation?

A

water-soluble gel is used to lubricate the tip of the tube

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19
Q

How is the animal restrained to do a orogastric intubation?

A

In sternal recumbency or in a standing or seated position

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20
Q

What can be used to hold an animal’s mouth open when doing a orogastric intubation

A

a roll of tape, a plastic or wooden speculum with a hole in the middle, or a plastic syringe case with smooth ends is placed behind the canine teeth to hold the mouth open.
The muzzle is kept in normal position and is held so that the mouth speculum does not become dislodged.

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21
Q

If the animal coughs while putting in tube to do a orogastric intubation, what does that possibly indicate?

A

you have entered the trachea instead of the esophagus and should be removed

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22
Q

What should be verified, when doing a orogastric intubation prior to introduction of any medications or fluids?

A

Correct placement of the tube in the gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

How is fluid added to the tube for a orogastric intubation?

A

with a 60-mL syringe, a metal drench pump, or a funnel

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24
Q

What is the technique used to prevent backflow of fluid when removing the tube after doing a orogastric intubation?

A

Bend the tube to occlude (stop or close up) it and then is withdrawn in a downward direction

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25
Q

Certain medications applied topically to the skin have what effects?

A

systemic and local

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26
Q

What should you wearing to prevent absorption in your skin when applying topical medications?

A

disposable gloves

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27
Q

What is a transdermal patch with fentanyl citrate used for?

A

analgesics placed on shaved, dry region of the skin

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28
Q

What can be used to desensitize the skin before a venipuncture?

A

a topical application of cream such as EMLA cream, lidocaine, and prilocaine). Creme must be on skin for at least several minutes (ideally 30-60 min.) for it to reach its maximal effectiveness

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29
Q

What is the key to successfully medicating an ear and why?

A

the medication needs to be in contact with the epithelium of the ear canal to enhance its absorption and effectiveness

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30
Q

What must you do before medicating in the ear?

A

the ear must be cleared of debris

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31
Q

How is medication placed into the ear canal?

A

the pinna is grasped and pulled upward and slightly out laterally. This helps to straighten the vertical ear canal. The tip of dispenser is placed into the vertical ear canal and is squeezed. Then massage to distribute the medication

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32
Q

Medications delivered intrarectally may have what effects?

A

local and systemic

33
Q

Absorption is most effective when the intestines are free from what?

A

fecal material

34
Q

What can be administered interarectally to vomiting patients that cannot be medicated orally?

A

antiemetic tablets or suppositories

35
Q

How do you administer medication intrarectally?

A

a gloved,lubricated finger is used to insert the tablet into the rectum a distance of at least 5 cm - the medication is then gradually absorbed

36
Q

Antiseizures drugs such as diazepam can be given _____ if an IV or intranasal administration is difficult to perform.

A

intrarectally

37
Q

How do we administer antiseizure drugs intrarectally?

A

a lubricated short rubber feeding tube or a urinary catheter is inserted 8 to 10 cm into the rectum.- after drug is injected through the catheter, several milliliters of warm water are then flushed into the catheter to disperse the drug

38
Q

What other procedure is performed rectally that helps remove fecal material?

A

enema

39
Q

How do you administer intranasal or intraocular vaccines?

A

Patient’s muzzle is held in one hand and is elevated slightly. Tip of the vaccine dispenser is placed into the nostril and the dispenser is compressed. Another way is to tilt head back and pipette containing vaccine can be squeezed to dispense the liquid onto the plane of the nose.

40
Q

What is another name for the IV route?

A

intraosseous route

41
Q

What route is used when large volumes of fluid must be administered?

A

intraveneous - IV

42
Q

What is the preferred site for most SC (subcutaneous) injections?

A

dorsolateral region from the neck to the hips

43
Q

Why should the dorsal part of the neck be avoided?

A

because of the difficulty involved in treating any abscesses or masses that may occur after an injection.

44
Q

Where should insulin be injected?

A

into alternating sites along the dorsolateral or ventrolateral aspect of the trunk

45
Q

Describe how to do a SC injection?

A

a fold of skin is tented, and the needle is inserted at the base of and parallel to the long axis of the fold.

46
Q

If multiple vaccinations or medications are administered, injection sites should be a minimum of several ______ apart

A

centimeters

47
Q

When is the intramuscular route used?

A

appropriate for the injection of small volumes of medication

48
Q

What is never used as a site for intramuscular injections?

A

the neck

49
Q

What area is not recommended for thin animals as an injection site?

A

lumbosacral muscles

50
Q

When injections are made into the semimembranous or semitendinosus muscles, the needle should enter the lateral aspect of the muscle and be directed caudally to prevent penetration of the _______ nerve.

A

sciatic

51
Q

In well muscled animals, the cranial thigh and even the _______ are used.

A

gastrocnemius

52
Q

When should an injection be given IV?

A

used for drugs or fluids that must rapidly reach high blood levels or that would be irritating to tissue or insufficiently absorbed if given by another route
Also, if an extremely rapid onset of action is required

53
Q

What is the most frequently used sites for IV injection in the dog?

A

cephalic and lateral saphenous veins

54
Q

What is the most frequently used sites for IV injection in the cat?

A

cephalic and medial saphenous and femoral veins

55
Q

What does a vacutainer collection system consist of?

A

double-pointed needle, a plastic holder, and collection tubes with and without anticoagulants

56
Q

The method and needle gauge selected depend on?

A

the vessel size, the amount of blood required, the intended use of the sample, and the technicians’s preference

57
Q

Most ventipunctures in cats and dogs are performed with _____ gauge needles.

A

22

58
Q

Larger-gauge needles, such as 20- and 18-gauge, may be used in _____ breed dogs and in most farm animals.

A

larger

59
Q

For any ventipuncture technique, the needle should always be inserted into the vein with the _____ facing upward.

A

bevel

60
Q

What is thromboplastin? What does it initiate?

A

tissue fluid

the clotting cascade

61
Q

When are smaller gauge needles used (25- to 28-)?

Give an example of a situation?

A

with smaller vessels, fragile vessels, or multiple venipunctures
ex:When trying to establish a blood glucose curve

62
Q

How long do you apply pressure over the venipuncture site? What should the site be monitored for?

A

at least 30 seconds

bleeding or hematoma formation for several minutes

63
Q

Where is an alternative, less painful area to collect a sample?

A

marginal ear vein

64
Q

What does occlude mean?

A

stop, close up, or obstruct (an opening, orifice, or passage)

65
Q

What does distend the vein mean?

A

swell or cause to swell by pressure from inside

66
Q

The medial saphenous or femoral vein is used to collect _______ volumes of blood?

A

small

67
Q

What would be an example of a procedure where you need to take blood from the marginal ear vein?

A

to check for erthroparasitic organisms, or where a diabetic pet owner could check blood glucose levels

68
Q

Where is the marginal ear vein located?

A

visualized as it courses around the periphery of the dorsal aspect of the pinna

69
Q

How do you collect a capillary sample from the pinna?

A

the pina of the ear is warmed with a heated cloth, a light source, or your hands to help vasodilate the marginal ear vein. Then wipe with a small amount of alcohol. A 23-gauge needle or lancet is used to nick the vein and the pinna is massaged until a sufficient drop of blood is obtained

70
Q

After collecting sample from the pinna, pressure should be applied to the puncture site for approx. ______ seconds.

A

15

71
Q

What is a heparinized capillary tube?

A

a capillary tube that contains heparin which renders blood incoagulable (can’t clot)

72
Q

A urine sample may be obtained by several methods?

A

obtaining urine from patient as it voids, from manual expression of the bladder, by cytocentesis, and from catheterization of the bladder

73
Q

Urine is most often collected for?

A

gross and microscopic analysis and for culture if indicated

74
Q

What is cytocentesis

A

procedure where a needle is placed into the urinary bladder through the abdomen and a sample of urine is removed.

75
Q

How much urine is needed for a quantitative urinalysis?

A

7 - 10 mL

76
Q

How long can you let a urine sample sit before it needs to be refrigerated?

A

within 30 min. of obtaining sample

77
Q

Is urine collected by the “free catch” method used for cultures?

A

no, they contain bacteria cells, and debris from skin, hair, and the genitourinary tract

78
Q

When using the “free catch” method you should get the first bit of urine that comes out of the canine.
True or False?

A

False - because the initial void of urine contains the greatest concentration of contaminants and should be excluded form collection

79
Q

What are some examples of collection devices you can use to collect urine?

A

log rod or a straightened clothes hanger with a loop at one end for holdinng a disposable cup or container

basic nursing - vic (10 decks)

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