Chapter 18

Question 1

What are the 6 cognitive domains?

Answer 1

• Complex attention
• Executive function
• Learning and memory
• Language
• Perceptual-motor
• Social cognition

Question 2

What is mild cognitive disorders?

Answer 2

Deficits do not interfere with independence in daily activities, but greater effort, compensatory strategies or accommodations may be required

Question 3

What is major cognitive disorders?

Answer 3

Deficits interfere with independence in daily activities

Question 4

What is Alzheimers?

Answer 4

Progressive deteriorating condition that over the course of the years leads to eventual total disability

Question 5

What is the etiology of alzheimers?

Answer 5

• Combination of genetic and environmental factors
• Genetic: APOLIPOPROTEIN is the most important genetic risk factor
• Excessive amounts of two proteins undergo synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, loss of calcium regulation, and inflammation
• Sociodemographic factors include educational level and physical fitness also factors
• Most significant risk factor identified to date is AGING

Question 6

What is the diagnostic criteria of alzheimers?

Answer 6

• Evidence of a causative genetic mutation
• Evidence of decline in memory and learning
• Progressive, graduate decline in cognition
• No evidence of other or mixed etiology
• Behavioral symptoms: agitation, aggressiveness, sundowning (confusion when sun is going down)
• Not a diagnostic criterion, often develop visual processing issues

Question 7

What are the motor symptoms of PD?

Answer 7

• Hand-resting tremors, pill-rolling, tremors at wrist, shuffling gait, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, akinesia, kyphotic posture, speech and swallowing problems
• Can cause Neurocognitive Disorder although symptoms do not appear in every case

Question 8

What are the NCD symptoms of PD?

Answer 8

• Mood. sleep and autonomic function changes

- Impairments in cognition and perception

Question 9

What etiology of PD?

Answer 9

• Unclear
• Some gene related causes
• Toxin, bacterium may contribute

Question 10

What is the diagnostic criteria of PD?

Answer 10

• Established diagnosis of parkinsons

- Onset is insidious and progression is gradual

Question 11

What is Huntingtons Disease?

Answer 11

• Autosomal dominant affecting HTT gene
• Results in chorea (jerky and involuntary movements), behavioral disturbances, and dementia/NCD
• Difficult to manage bc autosomal dominant
• 50% chance one has a gene if parent is carrier
• 50% chance of passing to offspring

Question 12

What is the diagnostic criteria of Huntingtons?

Answer 12

• Onset is insidious and progression is gradual
• Based on family history or genetic testing
• HD before age of 40 with a young family

Question 13

What are the characteristics of vascular disease?

Answer 13

• lesions affect cortical regions important for memory, cognition and behavior
• Often found in conjunction with alzheimers and other causes of dementia making it difficult to classify

Question 14

What are the risk factors of vascular disease?

Answer 14

high BP (blood pressure), vascular disease, late-life depression

Question 15

What are the etiology of vascular disease?

Answer 15

• One or more cerebrovascular events

- Notable deterioration of complex attention and frontal-executive function

Question 16

What are the diagnosis of vascular disease?

Answer 16

• Neuroimaging evidence of cerebrovascular injury or cerebrovascular disease
• Onset of symptoms temporally associated with a documented cerebrovascular individual