Chapter 18 Flashcards
Someone who sets up new businesses to make a profit
Enterpeneur
Products are made as they move along a belt
Assembly Line
A document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention
Patent
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors
Trust
Company that controls most or all business in a particular industry
Monopoly
Business owned by many investors
Corporation
Unions negotiate with management for workers as a group
Collective Bargaining
The belief that the rich had a duty to improve society
Gospel of Wealth
Place where workers worked long hours under poor conditions for little pay
Sweatshop
Buildings divided into tiny apartments
Tenement
Living areas on the outskirts of the city
Suburb
The rapid growth of city population
Urbanization
The process of becoming a part of another culture
Assimilation
Part of the city where the poor lived
Slum
Large compartments that usually held cattle also area of ships where immigrants traveled in
Steerage
Person who wanted to preserve the United States for native born Americans
Nativist
The requirement that children must attend school up to a certain age
Compulsory Education
Writers who try to show life as it is
Realist
The turn of the 20th century was the changing of which centuries?
19th and 20th
A sensational reporting style of the newspapers at that time
Yellow Journalism
A person who opposes all forms of government
Anarchist
List 3 natural resources that helped fuel industrial expansion at the turn of the 20th century
Coal
Iron
Copper
How did high tariffs help American businesses?
Tariffs raised the price of foreign goods and made lower priced American goods more attractive to customers
What is the name of the process invented in the 1850’s that made the stronger steel at a lower cost?
Bessemer Process
According to their defenders, how did trusts benefit the economy?
Trusts allowed companies to lower prices
What invention improved communication in the late 1800’s?
Telephone
What was the most important effect of Henry Ford’s method of automobile production?
Millions of Americans could now afford automobiles
Describe 3 feelings about trust held by those who criticized trusts
- Business leaders were “Robber Barrens”
- Trusts threatened free enterprise
- Trusts unfairly eliminated competition
How did the railroad industry fueled industrial growth?
They carried people west and raw materials east
What was John D. Rockefeller best known for?
Oil
What was J.P. Morgan best known for?
Banking
List 3 examples of how the national government encouraged growth
- Land Grants
- Subsidies
- Tariffs on imports
What two energy sources led to many new inventions?
- Oil
- Electricity
Describe 3 things Jane Addams did as a reformer
- Helped the homeless
- Opened settlement houses
- Set up hospitals and clinics
What type of power did electricity replace
Steam
Name a group of Americans that did not benefit much economically as business owners?
Employees
List 3 problems of city life in the 1800’s
- The risk of fire
- Overcrowded Tenements
- Poor sanitation
Name 3 problems that led workers to form labor organizations
- Low wages
- Unsafe working conditions
- Use of child labor
What theory of Charles Darwin’s was “Social Darwinism” based on?
Theory of Natural Selection
Give a reason used by Social Darwinists to justify low pay and harsh conditions for factory workers
Conditions were necessary to cut costs
What caused public opinion to turn against labor unions in 1886?
Violence
List 3 departments that cities created to improve city life
- Fire
- Sanitation
- Police
List 3 examples of services provided at settlement houses
- Teaching English to immigrants
- Sponsoring music and sports for young people
- Providing nurseries for children of working mothers
List 3 goals of early labor unions
- Making working conditions safer
- Increasing wages
- Making workdays shorter
Where did most new immigrants to the U.S. settle between 1860-1890?
Cities
List 3 inventions that contributed to the growth of cities in the late 1800’s
- Subway
- Elevated Train
- Electric Streetcar
Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in what industry?
Steel
Name the most popular professional sport in the late 1800’s
Baseball
What new reading habits developed in the late 1800’s?
More people began reading newspapers, books, and magazines
List 3 conditions in Europe that pushed some European immigrants to leave their home countries and got to the United States
- Wars
- Religious Persecution
- Scarce Land
Why were “trained” workers more valuable than “untrained” workers?
Trained workers were more difficult to replace
What had the strongest effect on the growth of public education after the Civil War?
Compulsory education laws
Give a reason why an immigrant arriving at Ellis Island in New York could be returned home
Handicapped, or seriously ill
How did the assembly line lower the cost of automobile production?
Cut the time to produce a car in half
Give 3 reasons why the New York World was popular
- Comics
- Sensational Headlines
- Low Cost
What was the feeling a Nativist had about immigrants and jobs?
Immigrants steal jobs from those born in the U.S.
How did the Industrial Revolution change where people lived?
More people lived in cities
Where were most Asian immigrants processed?
Angel Island
What was a main theme found in realist writing in the late 1800’s?
The harsh life of the poor
Where were most European immigrants processed?
Ellis Island
What was an “ethnic neighborhood”?
Neighborhoods were people from the same country settled
What event is credited with making Chicago well known for its architecture?
The Great Chicago Fire
What were the “Three R’s” for education at the turn of the 20th century?
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic
Why did immigrant children assimilate more rapidly than adults?
By being surrounded by English speakers they learned more quickly
What turn of the 20th century writer was known for his “rags to riches” stories?
Horatio Alger
List 3 example of businesses where children worked
- Tobacco factories
- Coal mines
- Garment Sweatshops
What was the fondest dream of many immigrants?
To have their children receive an education
Who was the most popular writer at the turn of the 20th century?
Mark Twain
How did the laws in New York and other states change after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
States approved safety laws to help protect factory workers
What part of Europe did most immigrants come from in the late 1800’s?
Southern and Eastern
Why were Department stores popular at the turn of the century?
They offered a variety of goods in different departments of the same store
How were immigrants able to advance economically?
Through hard work and saving
As learning became available to more people what did people do more of?
They began to read more books and magazines
What did “nativists” want to preserve?
To preserve the United states for native born Americans
Why did states improves public schools as industry grew?
People realized that the country needed an educated workforce
Why would people in cities need newspapers to stay informed?
It was harder to share news face to face
How did Congress in 1917 keep poor immigrants from coming to the United States?
Passed a law barring any immigrant who could not read their own language
Why were southern states more reluctant to pass compulsory education laws?
They did not want African American children to attend schools
By 1900 how many newspapers in the world were printed in the US?
1/2
When did congress finally ease restrictions on immigration?
In the 1960’s
By what year did all states require children to be in school?
1918
How many kids went to school before 1870?
Fewer than half
What did Joseph Pulitzer create that was the first of its kind?
The first mass circulation newspaper
What did poems and stories in early textbooks teach other than reading?
Moral values and the Christian Religion
