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System pathology 2 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause Vulvitis

A 
Allergic reactions (Eczema)
Infections
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2
Q

Painfull dilation of vulval due to obstruction of Bartholin gland

A

Bartholin cyst

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3
Q

Epidermal atrophy (thinning) or the vulva. Smooth white lesions resembling leukoplakia. Idiopathic. Small Cancer risk

A

Lichen Sclerosus

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4
Q

Epidermal Thickening (hyperplasia + Hyperkeratosis) due to chronic itching from underlying dermatitis. No increase in CA risk

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

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5
Q

What are the two main types of Vulvar neoplasms

A

Condylomas

Vulvar carcinomas

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6
Q

Vulvar neoplasm caused by Secondary syphilis

A

Condylomata lata

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7
Q

Vulvar neoplasm caused by Genetal warts (HPV 6/11) (not cancerous)

A

Condylomata acuminata

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8
Q

Vulvar Carcinoma associated with younger women, and HPV 16/18

A

HPV related Vulvar carcinoma

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9
Q

Vulvar carcinoma associated with older women and has no connection with HPV

A

Non-HPV related Vulvar carcinoma

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10
Q

What causes Vaginitis that also has a white discharge

A

C. albicans

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11
Q

What causes Vaginitis tha also has a green discharge

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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12
Q

Most common vaginal cancer, found in older women (>60)

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Rare vaginal cancer associated with red granular foci. Mother who too DES when pregnant increase risk 40x

A

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

Rare vaginal cancer associated wih embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Sarcoma Botryoides

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15
Q

Most common cause of infectious Cervitis

A

Chlamydia

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16
Q

Cervitis caused from child birth (postpartum)

A

Acute non-infectious Cervitis

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17
Q

Cervitis caused from estrogen fluxuations or trauma

A

Chronic non-infectious cervitis

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18
Q

What are risk factors for cervical neoplasia

A

Early intercourse
Multiple partiners
Persistant invections from HPV

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19
Q

Type of Cervical neoplasm that is non-cancerous. Caused by HPV, Asymptomatic. Uses pap.smears to diagnose

A

Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

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20
Q

Type of Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia that is likely to regress, patient is put under close observation

A

Low Grade CIN-1

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21
Q

Type of Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia that is no likely regress, and can turn into cancer (excision required)

A

High grade CIN-II, CIN-III

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22
Q

Cervical cancer related to HPV 16/18, lethal if not discovered, mets to local tissue (renal failure)

early = asymptomatic
Late = Bleeding, painful

75% are squamous cell carcinoma

“Barrel Cervic”

A

Invasive Carcinoma of cervix

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23
Q

Inflammation of the endometrium, Can cause a risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD’s

A

Endometritis

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24
Q

Extrauterine growth of endometrial tissue that can spread anywhere in the body. 10% of reproductive women have this. Causes 1/2 of all sterility cases in women

Severe pelvic pain, sterility, painful intercourse

A

Endometriosis

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25
Q

Prolonged menstral bleeding

A

Menorrhagia

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26
Q

Irregular bleeding between periods (spotting)

A

Metrorrhagia

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27
Q

What is the most common cause of Abnormal uterine bleeding

A

Tumors
Inadequate luteal phase
Idiopathic

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28
Q

Type of proliferative lesion caused by an increase in estrogen and failed ovulation. This is a pre curser to endometrial carcinoma

A

Endometrial Hyperplasia

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29
Q

Most common cancer of the female genital tract. It has very late metastasis (good prognosis) and causes extrametrial hyperplasia

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

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30
Q

Type of proliferative lesion that commonly appears around menopause, and causes abnormal bleeding

A

Endometrial polyps

31
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus (myometrium)

A

Leiomyoma

32
Q

Melignant smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium, appears in post meopausal women. Likely to recur after excision

A

Leiomyosarcoma

33
Q

Most common inflammation of the fallopian tubes, Caused by SITs or ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis

A

Salpingitis

34
Q

This fallopian tube cancer is an adenocarcinoma and is most commonly located on the fimbriae

A

Fallopian tube carcinoma

35
Q

This condition forms cysts on the ovaries and is from graafian or ruptured follicles

A

Ovarian cyts

36
Q

This condition is due to multiple cystic follicles on the ovaries, causing an increase in the size of the ovary. There are increases of androgens, estrogens and LH and a decrease in FSH

A

Polycystic ovarian disease

37
Q

8th most common cancer in women, and the 5th most common cancer related death in women

A

Ovarian cancer

38
Q

Which cell type is most associated with an ovarian cancer

A

Surface epithelium

39
Q

What are the possible types of surface epithelial tumor of the ovaries

A 
Serous Tumors (MC)
Endometrioid tumor (likely to be malignant)
Krukenberg tumor
40
Q

Which ovarian tumor is from a cancer of the GI tract that has metastasized to the ovaries. The cells resemble a signet-ring, and is almost always bilateral

A

Krukenberg tumor

41
Q

Most common placental infection that is associated with premature rupture or membranes (bacterial)

A

Ascending placental infection

42
Q

Placental infection that is caused by toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV

A

Transplacental infection

43
Q

What pregnancy disease is due to non-uterine implantation of a fertilized egg. Likely to cause acute rupture during first trimester

A

Ectopic pregnancy

44
Q

Name for gestational tumors

A

Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

45
Q

What Gestational Trophoblastic Disease has swollen chorionic villi and is from abnormal fertilization

A

Hydatidform mole

46
Q

What gestational Trophoblastic disease is benign but invasive and doesnt metastisize

A

Invasive mole

47
Q

What Gestational Trophoblastic disease is a malignancy of gestational chorionic epithelium

A

Choriocarcinoma

48
Q

What gestational trophoblastic disease might metastsize and its favourite spot to metastasize to is the lungs

A

Choriocarcinoma

49
Q

What condition during pregnancy causes Hypertension proteinuria and edema. Cause is idiopathic

A

Pre eclampsia

50
Q

A patient that is pregnant starts to have seizures, continued elevation of BP, Kidney and liver failure

A

Eclampsia

51
Q

What are the minor abnormalities of the breast

A

Supernumerary nipple
Inverted nipple (congenital)
Galactocele

52
Q

Abnormality of the breast that is caused by an obstriction of the mammary gland duct, and form during the later stages of nursing

A

Galactocele

53
Q

What abnormal tissue growth in breasts is fibrotic, due to hormone fluctuation and is likely in the superior/lateral quadrant. Very little clinical significance

A

Fibrocystic changes

54
Q

Most common fibrocystic change to breast tissue, causes cysts, fibrosis, and dilated ducts. Can show calcific densities on mammography

A

Non-proliferative fibrocystic changes

55
Q

What fibrocystic change to breast tissue causes epithelial hyperplasia in the ducts/lobules. Might be a risk of cancer if dysplastic

A

Proliferative fibrocystic changes

56
Q

Inflammation of the breast caused by trauma, forms small white chalky mass in the breast

A

Fat necrosis

57
Q

Bacterial (staph aureus) infection of the ducts during early nursing

A

Acute mastits

58
Q

Inflammation of the breast caused by ductal dehydration around the age of menopause. Possible nipple inversion

A

Mammary duct ectasia

59
Q

What are the two most common epithelial tumors of the breast

A 
Fibroadenoma (benign)
Phyllodes Tumor (benign or malignant)
60
Q

What type of epithelia breast tumor is mc in young women, and forms a solitary firm mobile mass

A

Fibroadenoma

61
Q

What type of epithelial breast tumor grows rapidly and has a leaf-like appearance

A

Phyllodes tumor

62
Q

What percent of breast cancer is lethal

A

20%

63
Q

Where are breast cancers most commonly found

A

Superolateral quadrant

64
Q

What type of breast cancers is barely palpable but has a great prognosis if caught through a mammogram

A

Non-invasive ductal in situ

65
Q

What skin lesion may indicate an underlying carcinoma of the breast

A

Paget disease of the nipple

66
Q

What type of breast cancer has uniform cells and rarely calcifies

A

Non-invasive Lobular carcinoma in situ

67
Q

What type of breast cancer invades and adhere to pectorals; causes dimpling of skin, nipple inversion, possible lymphedema

A

Invasive Carcinoma

68
Q

What type of breast cancer is from Ductal in situ, and makes up 70-80% of all breast cancers

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

69
Q

What type of breast cancer is from lobular carcinoma in situ. Has agressive growth, multiple palpable masses and is from a E-cadherin mutation

Can mets to CSF, GI, ovary, uterus, marrow

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma

70
Q

What type of breast cancer is rare, and is known as a tripple negative

A

Medullary carcinoma

71
Q

Breast cancer will most likey metastasize through what system

A

Lymphatics

72
Q

Where are the most common met locations for breast cancer

A

Lungs, Bone, liver, adrenals, brain

73
Q

What condition in men is associated with an increase in breast tissue bilaterally, and is due to an increase in estrogen or klienfelter syndrome

A

Gynecomastia

74
Q

How many cases of male breast cancer are there per year, and what percent of the met

A

2000

50% met

System pathology 2 (4 decks)

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