Chapter 18 Flashcards
what can cause Vulvitis
Allergic reactions (Eczema) Infections
Painfull dilation of vulval due to obstruction of Bartholin gland
Bartholin cyst
Epidermal atrophy (thinning) or the vulva. Smooth white lesions resembling leukoplakia. Idiopathic. Small Cancer risk
Lichen Sclerosus
Epidermal Thickening (hyperplasia + Hyperkeratosis) due to chronic itching from underlying dermatitis. No increase in CA risk
Lichen simplex chronicus
What are the two main types of Vulvar neoplasms
Condylomas
Vulvar carcinomas
Vulvar neoplasm caused by Secondary syphilis
Condylomata lata
Vulvar neoplasm caused by Genetal warts (HPV 6/11) (not cancerous)
Condylomata acuminata
Vulvar Carcinoma associated with younger women, and HPV 16/18
HPV related Vulvar carcinoma
Vulvar carcinoma associated with older women and has no connection with HPV
Non-HPV related Vulvar carcinoma
What causes Vaginitis that also has a white discharge
C. albicans
What causes Vaginitis tha also has a green discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis
Most common vaginal cancer, found in older women (>60)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Rare vaginal cancer associated with red granular foci. Mother who too DES when pregnant increase risk 40x
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Rare vaginal cancer associated wih embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Sarcoma Botryoides
Most common cause of infectious Cervitis
Chlamydia
Cervitis caused from child birth (postpartum)
Acute non-infectious Cervitis
Cervitis caused from estrogen fluxuations or trauma
Chronic non-infectious cervitis
What are risk factors for cervical neoplasia
Early intercourse
Multiple partiners
Persistant invections from HPV
Type of Cervical neoplasm that is non-cancerous. Caused by HPV, Asymptomatic. Uses pap.smears to diagnose
Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Type of Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia that is likely to regress, patient is put under close observation
Low Grade CIN-1
Type of Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia that is no likely regress, and can turn into cancer (excision required)
High grade CIN-II, CIN-III
Cervical cancer related to HPV 16/18, lethal if not discovered, mets to local tissue (renal failure)
early = asymptomatic Late = Bleeding, painful
75% are squamous cell carcinoma
“Barrel Cervic”
Invasive Carcinoma of cervix
Inflammation of the endometrium, Can cause a risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD’s
Endometritis
Extrauterine growth of endometrial tissue that can spread anywhere in the body. 10% of reproductive women have this. Causes 1/2 of all sterility cases in women
Severe pelvic pain, sterility, painful intercourse
Endometriosis
Prolonged menstral bleeding
Menorrhagia
Irregular bleeding between periods (spotting)
Metrorrhagia
What is the most common cause of Abnormal uterine bleeding
Tumors
Inadequate luteal phase
Idiopathic
Type of proliferative lesion caused by an increase in estrogen and failed ovulation. This is a pre curser to endometrial carcinoma
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Most common cancer of the female genital tract. It has very late metastasis (good prognosis) and causes extrametrial hyperplasia
Endometrial Carcinoma
Type of proliferative lesion that commonly appears around menopause, and causes abnormal bleeding
Endometrial polyps
Benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus (myometrium)
Leiomyoma
Melignant smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium, appears in post meopausal women. Likely to recur after excision
Leiomyosarcoma
Most common inflammation of the fallopian tubes, Caused by SITs or ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis
Salpingitis
This fallopian tube cancer is an adenocarcinoma and is most commonly located on the fimbriae
Fallopian tube carcinoma
This condition forms cysts on the ovaries and is from graafian or ruptured follicles
Ovarian cyts
This condition is due to multiple cystic follicles on the ovaries, causing an increase in the size of the ovary. There are increases of androgens, estrogens and LH and a decrease in FSH
Polycystic ovarian disease
8th most common cancer in women, and the 5th most common cancer related death in women
Ovarian cancer
Which cell type is most associated with an ovarian cancer
Surface epithelium
What are the possible types of surface epithelial tumor of the ovaries
Serous Tumors (MC) Endometrioid tumor (likely to be malignant) Krukenberg tumor
Which ovarian tumor is from a cancer of the GI tract that has metastasized to the ovaries. The cells resemble a signet-ring, and is almost always bilateral
Krukenberg tumor
Most common placental infection that is associated with premature rupture or membranes (bacterial)
Ascending placental infection
Placental infection that is caused by toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV
Transplacental infection
What pregnancy disease is due to non-uterine implantation of a fertilized egg. Likely to cause acute rupture during first trimester
Ectopic pregnancy
Name for gestational tumors
Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases
What Gestational Trophoblastic Disease has swollen chorionic villi and is from abnormal fertilization
Hydatidform mole
What gestational Trophoblastic disease is benign but invasive and doesnt metastisize
Invasive mole
What Gestational Trophoblastic disease is a malignancy of gestational chorionic epithelium
Choriocarcinoma
What gestational trophoblastic disease might metastsize and its favourite spot to metastasize to is the lungs
Choriocarcinoma
What condition during pregnancy causes Hypertension proteinuria and edema. Cause is idiopathic
Pre eclampsia
A patient that is pregnant starts to have seizures, continued elevation of BP, Kidney and liver failure
Eclampsia
What are the minor abnormalities of the breast
Supernumerary nipple
Inverted nipple (congenital)
Galactocele
Abnormality of the breast that is caused by an obstriction of the mammary gland duct, and form during the later stages of nursing
Galactocele
What abnormal tissue growth in breasts is fibrotic, due to hormone fluctuation and is likely in the superior/lateral quadrant. Very little clinical significance
Fibrocystic changes
Most common fibrocystic change to breast tissue, causes cysts, fibrosis, and dilated ducts. Can show calcific densities on mammography
Non-proliferative fibrocystic changes
What fibrocystic change to breast tissue causes epithelial hyperplasia in the ducts/lobules. Might be a risk of cancer if dysplastic
Proliferative fibrocystic changes
Inflammation of the breast caused by trauma, forms small white chalky mass in the breast
Fat necrosis
Bacterial (staph aureus) infection of the ducts during early nursing
Acute mastits
Inflammation of the breast caused by ductal dehydration around the age of menopause. Possible nipple inversion
Mammary duct ectasia
What are the two most common epithelial tumors of the breast
Fibroadenoma (benign) Phyllodes Tumor (benign or malignant)
What type of epithelia breast tumor is mc in young women, and forms a solitary firm mobile mass
Fibroadenoma
What type of epithelial breast tumor grows rapidly and has a leaf-like appearance
Phyllodes tumor
What percent of breast cancer is lethal
20%
Where are breast cancers most commonly found
Superolateral quadrant
What type of breast cancers is barely palpable but has a great prognosis if caught through a mammogram
Non-invasive ductal in situ
What skin lesion may indicate an underlying carcinoma of the breast
Paget disease of the nipple
What type of breast cancer has uniform cells and rarely calcifies
Non-invasive Lobular carcinoma in situ
What type of breast cancer invades and adhere to pectorals; causes dimpling of skin, nipple inversion, possible lymphedema
Invasive Carcinoma
What type of breast cancer is from Ductal in situ, and makes up 70-80% of all breast cancers
Invasive ductal carcinoma
What type of breast cancer is from lobular carcinoma in situ. Has agressive growth, multiple palpable masses and is from a E-cadherin mutation
Can mets to CSF, GI, ovary, uterus, marrow
Invasive lobular carcinoma
What type of breast cancer is rare, and is known as a tripple negative
Medullary carcinoma
Breast cancer will most likey metastasize through what system
Lymphatics
Where are the most common met locations for breast cancer
Lungs, Bone, liver, adrenals, brain
What condition in men is associated with an increase in breast tissue bilaterally, and is due to an increase in estrogen or klienfelter syndrome
Gynecomastia
How many cases of male breast cancer are there per year, and what percent of the met
2000
50% met
