Chapter 18 Flashcards by travis shook

what can cause Vulvitis

Allergic reactions (Eczema)
Infections

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Painfull dilation of vulval due to obstruction of Bartholin gland

Bartholin cyst

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Epidermal atrophy (thinning) or the vulva. Smooth white lesions resembling leukoplakia. Idiopathic. Small Cancer risk

Lichen Sclerosus

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Epidermal Thickening (hyperplasia + Hyperkeratosis) due to chronic itching from underlying dermatitis. No increase in CA risk

Lichen simplex chronicus

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What are the two main types of Vulvar neoplasms

Condylomas

Vulvar carcinomas

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Vulvar neoplasm caused by Secondary syphilis

Condylomata lata

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Vulvar neoplasm caused by Genetal warts (HPV 6/11) (not cancerous)

Condylomata acuminata

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Vulvar Carcinoma associated with younger women, and HPV 16/18

HPV related Vulvar carcinoma

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Vulvar carcinoma associated with older women and has no connection with HPV

Non-HPV related Vulvar carcinoma

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What causes Vaginitis that also has a white discharge

C. albicans

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What causes Vaginitis tha also has a green discharge

Trichomonas vaginalis

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Most common vaginal cancer, found in older women (>60)

Squamous cell carcinoma

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Rare vaginal cancer associated with red granular foci. Mother who too DES when pregnant increase risk 40x

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

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Rare vaginal cancer associated wih embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Sarcoma Botryoides

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Most common cause of infectious Cervitis

Chlamydia

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Cervitis caused from child birth (postpartum)

Acute non-infectious Cervitis

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Cervitis caused from estrogen fluxuations or trauma

Chronic non-infectious cervitis

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What are risk factors for cervical neoplasia

Early intercourse
Multiple partiners
Persistant invections from HPV

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Type of Cervical neoplasm that is non-cancerous. Caused by HPV, Asymptomatic. Uses pap.smears to diagnose

Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

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Type of Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia that is likely to regress, patient is put under close observation

Low Grade CIN-1

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Type of Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia that is no likely regress, and can turn into cancer (excision required)

High grade CIN-II, CIN-III

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Cervical cancer related to HPV 16/18, lethal if not discovered, mets to local tissue (renal failure)

early = asymptomatic
Late = Bleeding, painful

75% are squamous cell carcinoma

“Barrel Cervic”

Invasive Carcinoma of cervix

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Inflammation of the endometrium, Can cause a risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD’s

Endometritis

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Extrauterine growth of endometrial tissue that can spread anywhere in the body. 10% of reproductive women have this. Causes 1/2 of all sterility cases in women

Severe pelvic pain, sterility, painful intercourse

Endometriosis

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Prolonged menstral bleeding

Menorrhagia

Irregular bleeding between periods (spotting)

Metrorrhagia

What is the most common cause of Abnormal uterine bleeding

Tumors Inadequate luteal phase Idiopathic

Type of proliferative lesion caused by an increase in estrogen and failed ovulation. This is a pre curser to endometrial carcinoma

Endometrial Hyperplasia

Most common cancer of the female genital tract. It has very late metastasis (good prognosis) and causes extrametrial hyperplasia

Endometrial Carcinoma

Type of proliferative lesion that commonly appears around menopause, and causes abnormal bleeding

Endometrial polyps

Benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus (myometrium)

Leiomyoma

Melignant smooth muscle tumor of the myometrium, appears in post meopausal women. Likely to recur after excision

Leiomyosarcoma

Most common inflammation of the fallopian tubes, Caused by SITs or ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis

Salpingitis

This fallopian tube cancer is an adenocarcinoma and is most commonly located on the fimbriae

Fallopian tube carcinoma

This condition forms cysts on the ovaries and is from graafian or ruptured follicles

Ovarian cyts

This condition is due to multiple cystic follicles on the ovaries, causing an increase in the size of the ovary. There are increases of androgens, estrogens and LH and a decrease in FSH

Polycystic ovarian disease

8th most common cancer in women, and the 5th most common cancer related death in women

Ovarian cancer

Which cell type is most associated with an ovarian cancer

Surface epithelium

What are the possible types of surface epithelial tumor of the ovaries

``` Serous Tumors (MC) Endometrioid tumor (likely to be malignant) Krukenberg tumor ```

Which ovarian tumor is from a cancer of the GI tract that has metastasized to the ovaries. The cells resemble a signet-ring, and is almost always bilateral

Krukenberg tumor

Most common placental infection that is associated with premature rupture or membranes (bacterial)

Ascending placental infection

Placental infection that is caused by toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV

Transplacental infection

What pregnancy disease is due to non-uterine implantation of a fertilized egg. Likely to cause acute rupture during first trimester

Ectopic pregnancy

Name for gestational tumors

Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases

What Gestational Trophoblastic Disease has swollen chorionic villi and is from abnormal fertilization

Hydatidform mole

What gestational Trophoblastic disease is benign but invasive and doesnt metastisize

Invasive mole

What Gestational Trophoblastic disease is a malignancy of gestational chorionic epithelium

Choriocarcinoma

What gestational trophoblastic disease might metastsize and its favourite spot to metastasize to is the lungs

Choriocarcinoma

What condition during pregnancy causes Hypertension proteinuria and edema. Cause is idiopathic

Pre eclampsia

A patient that is pregnant starts to have seizures, continued elevation of BP, Kidney and liver failure

Eclampsia

What are the minor abnormalities of the breast

Supernumerary nipple Inverted nipple (congenital) Galactocele

Abnormality of the breast that is caused by an obstriction of the mammary gland duct, and form during the later stages of nursing

Galactocele

What abnormal tissue growth in breasts is fibrotic, due to hormone fluctuation and is likely in the superior/lateral quadrant. Very little clinical significance

Fibrocystic changes

Most common fibrocystic change to breast tissue, causes cysts, fibrosis, and dilated ducts. Can show calcific densities on mammography

Non-proliferative fibrocystic changes

What fibrocystic change to breast tissue causes epithelial hyperplasia in the ducts/lobules. Might be a risk of cancer if dysplastic

Proliferative fibrocystic changes

Inflammation of the breast caused by trauma, forms small white chalky mass in the breast

Fat necrosis

Bacterial (staph aureus) infection of the ducts during early nursing

Acute mastits

Inflammation of the breast caused by ductal dehydration around the age of menopause. Possible nipple inversion

Mammary duct ectasia

What are the two most common epithelial tumors of the breast

``` Fibroadenoma (benign) Phyllodes Tumor (benign or malignant) ```

What type of epithelia breast tumor is mc in young women, and forms a solitary firm mobile mass

Fibroadenoma

What type of epithelial breast tumor grows rapidly and has a leaf-like appearance

Phyllodes tumor

What percent of breast cancer is lethal

20%

Where are breast cancers most commonly found

Superolateral quadrant

What type of breast cancers is barely palpable but has a great prognosis if caught through a mammogram

Non-invasive ductal in situ

What skin lesion may indicate an underlying carcinoma of the breast

Paget disease of the nipple

What type of breast cancer has uniform cells and rarely calcifies

Non-invasive Lobular carcinoma in situ

What type of breast cancer invades and adhere to pectorals; causes dimpling of skin, nipple inversion, possible lymphedema

Invasive Carcinoma

What type of breast cancer is from Ductal in situ, and makes up 70-80% of all breast cancers

Invasive ductal carcinoma

What type of breast cancer is from lobular carcinoma in situ. Has agressive growth, multiple palpable masses and is from a E-cadherin mutation Can mets to CSF, GI, ovary, uterus, marrow

Invasive lobular carcinoma

What type of breast cancer is rare, and is known as a tripple negative

Medullary carcinoma

Breast cancer will most likey metastasize through what system

Lymphatics

Where are the most common met locations for breast cancer

Lungs, Bone, liver, adrenals, brain

What condition in men is associated with an increase in breast tissue bilaterally, and is due to an increase in estrogen or klienfelter syndrome

Gynecomastia

How many cases of male breast cancer are there per year, and what percent of the met

2000 | 50% met