Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
What are cytokines?
C
specialized proteins that activate responses to infection
2
The most important organs of the immune system include all of the following EXCEPT
B
muscles
3
What percentage of cells of the body are white blood cells?
C
1
4
Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by
B
B-cells
5
The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as
B
phagocytosis
6
Kimmy is a curious 4-month-old baby who is just learning how to crawl. On Monday she came across some large dust particles underneath the couch, which caused her to sneeze and develop a runny nose and a cough. Two weeks later she came across more dust from the same place. Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy’s body to remember how to respond to this dust again?
B
B-cells
7
The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as
A
antigens
8
Common cell types that make up the immune system include all of the following EXCEPT
A
P-cells
9
Function of the T-cells include all of the following EXCEPT
B
production of antibodies
10
What term describes an event, such as a GI infection, that results in decreased nutrient absorption, which in turn results in inability to synthesize sufficient immune cells and immune factors, thereby leading to increased susceptibility to another GI infection?
A
synergisitc
11
HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the following sources EXCEPT
A
saliva
12
Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV or AIDS?
B
AIDS develops from HIV infection
13
Approximately how many people in North American have HIV or AIDS?
C
1.3 million
14
Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does NOT bear a relationship to diet?
D
Pneumonia and influenza
15
The disease most common today include all of the following EXCEPT
C
tuberculosis
16
Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?
B
4
17
All of the following disorders are influenced strongly by genetics EXCEPT
A
AIDS
18
Being obese is known to increase the probability of contracting all of the following diseases EXCEPT
C
kwashiorkor
19
For which of the following chronic diseases are DIETARY risk factors least involved in its development?
C
Diabetes
20
Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?
D
low HDL level
21
What is the term given to mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls?
A
plaques
22
The most common form of cardiovascular disease in
C
coronary heart disease
23
By what age do most people first have well-developed arterial plaque?
A
30
24
Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn’t exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion?
B
C-reactive protein concentrations
25
The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(n)
C
aneurysm
26
A persons level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for
C
a heart attack
27
Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
D
High C-reactive proteins
28
Tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in plaque formation are called
D
platelets
29
Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial plaque?
A
size of the plaque is not as important of composition
30
Markers for inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease include high levels of all of the following EXCEPT
B
ephedra
31
The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot that broke away from the arterial plaque is termed
B
embolism
32
A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed?
B
a stroke
33
Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?
D
140 over 90
34
Which of the following is NOT considered a diet-related risk factor for coronary heart disease?
B
high sugar intake
35
What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S. women?
D
coronary heart disease
36
Which of the following describes a known association with coronary heart disease?
A
in men, CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women
37
What is prehypertension?
B
slightly high blood pressure
38
What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?
B
LDL
39
All of the following are features of low-dentisty lipoproteins and coronary heart disease EXCEPT
D
excess LDL cholesterol in blood is removed by high-density lipoproteins
40
Anyone who is medically advised to lower blood cholesterol should
C
achieve desirable body weight
41
Which of the following is a feature of blood triglyceride and risk fro coronary heart disease?
B
in fasting triglyceride levels more stingily predict risk than fasting levels
42
All of the following are associations between smoking and coronary heart disease EXCEPT
D
cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 36 months
43
A person who produces a normal amount of insulin bust whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be
B
insulin resistant
44
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome?
A
diuretic use
45
All of the following are characteristic of the metabolic syndrome EXCEPT
D
the risk factor act synergistically to predict the risk for coronary heart disease
46
Direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT
D
high sodium intake
47
Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. He is very scared about this new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn’t ever heard of it. His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan?
B
how to improve his atherogenic diet
48
Why should the measurement of a person’s blood cholesterol be performed at least twitch with measurements taken at least one week apart?
C
blood cholesterol concentration are know to vary significantly day to day
49
What is the appropriate method of assessing blood lipids to ensure reliable results?
A
take at least 2 measurements at least 1 week apart
50
Risk factors for coronary hear disease that can be minimized by behavioral change include all of the following EXCEPT
C
heredity
51
What should the next course of action for a person who was unsuccessful in lowering LDL or blood pressure by lifestyle changes?
A
prescribe medications
52
Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterols?
D
achieve and maintain appropriate body weight
53
Approximately how many million people in the United States are believed to have hypertension
C
65
54
What ist he best predictor for risk of a stroke?
A
blood pressure
55
To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommend EXCEPT
D
decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy
56
Risk factors that predict the development of hypertension include all of the following EXCEPT
C
salk intake
57
Approximately what percent of people with high blood pressure are sensitive the salt?
C
50
58
Peripheral resistance is affected primarily by the resistance of
B
blood flow in the arterioles.
59
Which of the following is a characteristic of factors associated with hypertension?
D
African American develop high blood pressure earlier in like and their average blood pressure is higher than whites’
60
In the measurement of blood pressure, the units are expressed as
D
mm of mercury
61
What is the magnitude of the increase in risk for CVF for a person with blood pressure reading of 140/80 compared with the optimal blood pressure
D
100%
62
Which of the following is the most likely reason that a blood pressure reading should be repeated before confirming diagnosis of hypertension?
A
the person reacted emotionally to the procedure
63
What happens to the risk for CVD for a person with a good pressure of 120/90?
B
it is doubled
64
How does obesity increase the risk for developing hypertension?
A
obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to high blood pressure
65
Strategies to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in people who drink include limitedly daily alcohol intake to
B
1 drink for women 2 for men
66
Which of the following statements describes a risk factor for high blood pressure?
A
three alcohol drink per day increases the risk of developing high blood pressure
67
The DASH diet was developed to lower the risk for
C
hypertension
68
The DASH diet is actually the acronym for
C
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
69
Among the following lifestyle changes, which has the LEAST favorable effect on reducing blood pressure?
B
limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks
70
Which of the following describes the relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure.
D
weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure
71
Your aunt Crystal asks you to recommend a diet that will help lore her blood pressure. She is willing to try just about anything. Which of the following choices would be most effective in lowing Crystal’s blood pressure?
D
Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day PLUS restricting sodium to 2g/day
72
Which of the following is NOT among the recommendations by health professionals to treat hypertensions?
D
decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium
73
People who use diuretics are most at risk of developing imbalances of
C
potassium
74
Diuretics act to lower blood pressure by
A
increasing fluid loss
75
Which of the following is a characteristic of drug therapy for hypertension?
A
antihypertensive drugs work by lowering blood volume
76
Which of the following is a feature of the DASH diet?
A
it works synergistically with the reduction of sodium intake
77
A person who hasn’t consumed anything except for water the past 8 hours and has a blood glucose concentration of 101 mg/dL. This person would be classified as
C
pre diabetic
78
The sixth leading cause of death in the United STates is
B
diabetes
79
Diabetes in know to increase the risk for all of the flooding EXCEPT
B
cancer
80
Insulin stimulates the actions of all of the following EXCEPT
A
fat release
81
What is believed to be the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?
C
defect of the immune system
82
In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin?
B
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
83
Type 2 diabetes usually develops after people reach the age of
C
40
84
What percentage of people with diabetes have type 1?
A
5-10
85
Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
A
it is an autoimmune disorder
86
Most people with type 2 diabetes have
C
excessive body fat
87
Brooke is a 42-year-old obese person who seems to be always hungry and thirsty. She is constantly drinking sodas and likes to end her dinner every night with a piece of chocolate cake and ice cream. After going to the doctor, Brooke is diagnosed with diabetes. Which of the following types of diabetes does Brooke most likely have?
B
type 2 diabetes
88
Which of the following conditions is characterized by insulin resistance of fat cells?
D
type 2-diabetes mellitus
89
Insulin resistance is defined as
A
reduced sensitivity of cells to blood insulin
90
All of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT
C
the two major forms are variations of insulin-depentednt type
91
What parentage of people with type 2 diabetes are obese?
D
80-90
92
Among the following ethnic groups, which has the LOWEST risk for type 2 diabetes?
A
American whites
93
Among the following ethnic populations, which show the lowest prevalence of Type 2 diabetes?
A
Caucasians
94
A complication of diabetes in blurry vision, which results from swelling of the lens of the eye caused by conversion of excess glucose to
A
sugar alcohols
95
Which of the following is NOT among the common, long-term consequences of diabetes?
C
decrease in infections
96
All of the following are among the symptoms of diabetes EXCEPT
D
polysaccharidosis
97
The frequent urination common in diabetes is known as
A
polyuria
98
The excessive thirst common in diabetes is known as
c
polydipsia
99
What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes?
B
high levels blood glucose spill into the urine, drawing water with it by osmosis
100
Which of the following is a leading cause of both blindness and kidney failure?
B
diabetes
101
A person with diabetes is most likely to develop
C
cancer
102
Gangrene is a common complication primly in people with
B
diabetes
103
Diabetes in know to lead to all of the following EXCEPT
C
increased resistance to infections
104
It is acceptable for people with diabetes to engage in all of the following EXCEPT
D
total fat intake in amounts similar to the general population
105
The role of diet for people with diabetes includes all of the following EXCEPT
B
the glycemic effect of food should due primary consideration
106
In the otherwise stable person with type 1 diabetes, a potential problem associated with physical activity is
A
hypoglycemia
107
A caner that originates from bone is a(n)
A
sarcoma
108
Which of the following describes the cations of carcinogens
A
cancer-initiating substance
109
A tumor that releases cells, leading to the spread of cancer to other regions of the body, is said to
c
metastasize
110
What term describes factors that enhance the DEVELOPMENT of cancer after it has been initiated?
A
promoters
111
What term describes an abnormal cell mass that is not cancer?
A
benign tumor
112
A substance that causes cancer is termed a(n)
A
carcinogen
113
The higher risk for breast cancer in obese women after menopause is thought to result mainly from chronic exposure to
A
estrogen
114
Which of the following is NOT known to correlate strongly with risk for cancer of the head and neck?
C
food additives and pesticides
115
Which of the following cooking techniques for meats results in least formation of carcinogens?
D
marinating before cooking
116
Which of the following cooking techniques for meats results in formation of the highest amounts of carcinogens?
A
broiling
117
Which of the following statements represents current thought regarding the development of cancer?
B
food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer
118
What happens after absorption of carcinogens that are producers on meats from grilling over a direct flame?
A
they are detoxified by the liver
119
Which of the following is know to speed up the passage of substances through the large investing, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens?
A
milk
120
Which of the following dietary components is thought to be protective against certain types of cancer?
A
fiber
121
Which of the following is NOT a feature of dietary fat and cancer?
A
type of fat may influence cancer initiation
122
Which of the following foods is known to contain abundant amounts of phytonutrients that protect against cancers of the esophagus and endometrium?
B
Cruciferous vegetables
123
Dietary guidelines believed to help protect against cancer include all of the following EXCEPT
C
decreasing saturated fat intake
124
Which of the following is NOT amount recommendations issued by health professionals to reduce cancer risk?
C
increase intake of foods high in iron
125
Which of the following practices is NOT believed to be protective for all of the following: heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer?
D
consuming fat within the rand go 20-25% of total energy
126
Which of the following defines the association between nutrition and chronic disease?
A
dient can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases
127
In a person with a BMI of 50, what MINIMUM number pounds must be lost to obtain a measurable improvement in glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure?
A
10-20
128
Conventional medicine and alternative medical therapies are commonly linked together into a practice called
D
complementary medicine
129
Why id complementary and alternative medicine considered to be unconventional medicine?
C
safety and effectiveness are not well establised
130
What of the following is currently accepted as a medical treatment in the United States?
A
radiation therapy
131
What treatment is effective against lead poisoning and is also considered an alternative therapy for cardiovascular disease?
B
chelation therapy
132
Chelation therapy is purported to work by ridding the body of
B
toxic metals
133
What is ayurveda?
1C
A Hindu system of enhancing the body’s ability to prevent illness and to heal itself
134
Naturally occurring salicylates in curry, paprika, and certain teas provide the same protective effects as a low dose
B
aspirin
135
What ist he name of the cancer-treatment substance first extracted rom the bark of old Pacific yew trees (and now synthesized in the laboratory)?
B
Paclitaxal
136
All of the following are features of hers sold to the public EXCEPT
D
they are considered appropriate for treatment of certain major health disorders such s cancer or AIDS
