Chapter 17 Flashcards
1
What fraction of the population is at least 65 years old
C
1/8
2
What is the fastest growing age group in the United States?
D
over 85
3
What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?
A
70-77
4
What was the average life expectancy for a person born in the year 1900?
A
47 years
5
What is the life expectancy for white males and females in the United States?
B
76-81 years
6
Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?
D
130 years
7
Approximately what percentage of a persons’s life expectancy is under control of her genes?
B
25
8
Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?
D
75
9
What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?
B
50 years
10
Studies of adults show that longevity is related in part, to all of the following EXCEPT
C
Short periods of sleep
11
What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years?
D
regular physical activity
12
Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?
C
Energy-restricted diets lead to the lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature
13
Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?
A
improvements in longevity depend of reeducating energy intake but not the amount of body fat
14
What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?
A
10%
15
People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?
A
3
16
In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage?
A
30
17
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?
A
reduced oxidative stress
18
Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?
A
women’s general reactions to stress are different than those of men
19
All of the following are characteristics of body weight and older people EXCEPT
A
a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia
20
The relationship of overweight and health risk diminishes with age, starting after age
C
65
21
What is sarcopenia?
B
Loss of muscle mass and strength
22
Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?
D
Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune systems
23
Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?
A
Inflammaging
24
Mary is 75 years old and has been hitting sick recently and losing weight. After assessing all symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophies gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic. All of the following are symptoms associated with this condition EXCEPT
B
acid reflux
25
A person with dysphagia has
C
difficulty swallowing
26
All of the following are characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly EXCEPT
D
the consumption of applesauce instead of apples and cream corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health
27
Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
D
insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin
28
A person who is edentulous has
A
no teeth
29
Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living
A
in nursing homes
30
What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?
D
71 years and over
31
A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her
A
skin
32
Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?
C
4-8
33
Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?
C
20
34
Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?
A
they vary according to individual histories
35
Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?
A
they do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth
36
What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?
B
6
37
Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration. She lives alone, her diet is very high in desserts and sweets, and she only drinks diet colas. On morning hospital rounds, the attending physician ask the group of interns what they recommend for the patient. With which intern should you DISAGREE?
A
Try to lose enough weight o achieve a derivable BMI
38
Vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly is least likely to occur from
B
insufficient intake of vitamin B12
39
John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months. His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B12. What is wrong with this suggestion?
D
because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B12 from natural sources and would need a vitamin B12 fortified food or supplement
40
All of the following are characteristics of vitamin B12 nutrition in older people EXCEPT
D
the DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meath intake to provide adequate vitamin B12
41
Which of the following is a recent finding on the vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?
B
the skins capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced
42
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?
B
aging reduces the kidneys ability to convert vitamin D to its active form
43
To prevent and treat high instances of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are know to be effective EXCEPT
D
taking vitamin B12 injections
44
Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?
B
calcium intakes are well below the recommendations
45
Although many health-care professionals do not recommend a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement, the needs for which of the following nutrients are usually met form supplement use?
C
vitamin D
46
Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?
B
Iron absorption is reduced due to stomach acidity
47
A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is
D
poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids
48
What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?
C
cataracts
49
Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. To reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents, Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet except
D
getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes
50
All of the following are characteristics of age-related macular degeneration EXCEPT
D
therapy includes elimination of purine-contaning foods
51
All of the following are features of osteoarthritis EXCEPT
B
nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility
52
What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?
D
vitamin C and vitamin E
53
What organ is affected by macular degeneration?
B
eyes
54
Which of the following foods seem to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?
B
olive oil
55
All of the following are features of arthritis EXCEPT
C
Weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain form osteoarthritis.
56
Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?
D
low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids
57
All of the following are characteristics of gout EXCEPT
D
it promotes formation of neurofibrillary tangles
58
Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of
A
arthritis
59
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of gout?
D
it is treated by reducing intake of milk products
60
Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?
A
oxidative stress
61
What percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer’s disease after of 70?
C
10
62
Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease include all of the following EXCEPT
D
a decrease in homocysteine synthesis
63
Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?
D
it is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brian
64
What is the main reason for dieting int eh elderly?
C
to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
65
Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?
C
people over 65 are less likely to loose weight by dieting than younger people
66
Goals of the federal Older American Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following EXCEPT
B
high coast nutritious meals
67
What is a congregate meal?
A
a meal provided for the elderly in a public place such as a community center
68
All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program EXCEPT
C
it provides the same social benefit as congregate meals
69
A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that
B
there are more social benefits to congregate meals
70
Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound. She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby. Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition
B
sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program
71
Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers’ markets and roadside stands?
A
Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
72
What percentage of eligible people 60 years and older participate in nutrition assistance programs?
A
30
73
What fraction of prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people per 65 years of age?
C
1/3
74
How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?
C
it interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins
75
What are the known consequences of taking a single two-tablet dose of aspirin?
B
it doubles the bleeding time of wounds
76
All of the following are characteristic of aspirin use EXCEPT
A
it acts as a pro-clotting agent
77
What is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate?
C
it promotes weight gain
78
A major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and corticosteroids is
C
substantial wight gain
79
What two nutrients are known to interfere significantly with the utilization of the antibiotics tetracycline?
A
iron and calcium
80
Regular use of antacids interferes significantly with absorption of all of the following EXCEPT
B
zinc
81
Which of the following drugs has a chemical structure similar to folate?
D
Methotrexate
82
What is a common side effect form taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?
B
blood concentrations of the drug increase
83
Which of the following is a feature of warfarin use and vitamin K utilization?
C
dietary vitamin K intake determines the amount of warfarin prescribed
84
Your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that he doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. You inform your father that
D
inconsistent intakes of green left vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug
85
Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug?
B
aged cheese
86
What ingredient commonly used as a sweetener in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea?
A
sorbitol
