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A&P II > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A

Regulate plasma ionic composition
* Regulate plasma volume
* Regulate plasma osmolarity
* Regulate plasma pH
* Remove metabolic waste products and foreign substances
from plasma

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2
Q

Other functions of Urinary system

A
  • Secrete erythropoietin and renin
  • Activate vitamin D3
    to calcitriol
  • Gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

Structures of the Urinary System

A

Kidneys: form urine
* Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to bladder
* Bladder: store urine
* Urethra: excrete urine from bladder to outside of
body

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4
Q

label figure 18.1 and 18.2

A
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5
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of a kidney

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6
Q

Renal corpuscle includes what 2 structures

A

Glomerulus = capillary network for filtration
Bowman’s capsule
* Receives the filtrate
* Inflow to renal tubules

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7
Q

Proximal tubule

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Proximal straight tubule
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8
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • Descending limb
  • Thin ascending limb
  • Thick ascending limb
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9
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Connecting tubule
* Collecting duct

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10
Q

label 18.3

A
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11
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Short loop of Henle
* Most numerous, 80–85%
- produce urine

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12
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Long loop of Henle extends into medulla
* Responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient
- produce urine

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13
Q

Glomerular filtration:

A

from glomerulus
to Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

Reabsorption

A

from tubules to peritubular
capillaries

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15
Q

Secretion

A

from peritubular capillaries to tubules

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16
Q

Excretion

A

from tubules out of body

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17
Q

Glomerular filtrate must cross what three barriers to enter
Bowman’s capsule

A

Capillary endothelial layer
* Surrounding epithelial layer
* Basement membrane sandwiched between these two layers

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18
Q

Starling forces

A
  • Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
  • Glomerular oncotic pressure
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19
Q

Starling forces favoring filtration

A
  • Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure
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20
Q

Starling forces opposing filtration

A
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
  • Glomerular oncotic pressure
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21
Q

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

60 mm Hg
* High due to resistance of efferent arteriole

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22
Q

Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

A
  • 0 mm Hg
  • Low due to lack of protein in filtrate
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23
Q

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

A

15 mm Hg
* Relatively high (compared to systemic capillaries) due to
large volume of filtrate in closed space

24
Q

Glomerular oncotic pressure

A

29 mm Hg
* Higher than in systemic capillaries due to plasma proteins
in smaller volume of plasma

25
Q

Filtered load =

A

GFR X Px

26
Q

___ liters fluid filtered/day

A

180

27
Q

Small increase in GFR ->

A

large increase in volume
of fluid filtered and excreted

28
Q

Intrinsic regulation of GFR

A
  • Myogenic regulation
  • Tubuloglomerular feedback
29
Q

Myogenic regulation

A

Smooth muscle in wall of afferent arteriole
* Contracts in response to stretch

30
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A
  • Macula densa cells secrete paracrine factors in response
    to an increase in flow of fluid past them
  • Smooth muscles of arterioles contract
    in response to these paracrines
31
Q

Extrinsic control of GFR

A
  • Decreases in BP can decrease GFR
  • Directly (decrease in filtration pressure)
  • Indirectly through extrinsic controls
32
Q

Solute reabsorption occurs where?

A

Most occurs in proximal convoluted tubules
* Some occurs in distal convoluted tubules

33
Q

Barrier for reabsorption

A
  • Epithelial cells of renal tubules
  • Endothelial cells of capillaries (minimal)
34
Q

Renal threshold

A

for a solute that is normally 100%
reabsorbed

35
Q

Apical membrane:

A

secondary active transport

36
Q

Basolateral membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

37
Q

Secretion

A

Solute moves from peritubular capillaries into tubules
* Barriers are the same as for reabsorption
* Transport mechanisms are the same, but in the opposite
direction

38
Q

Secreted substances

A

Potassium
* Hydrogen ions
* Choline
* Creatinine
* Penicillin

39
Q

Proximal tubule is the mass reabsorber bc

A

70% sodium and water
* 100% glucose

40
Q

Brush border provides for

A

large surface area

41
Q

Leaky tight junctions allow

A

paracellular transport

42
Q

Transport is regulated across

A

epithelium

43
Q

Tight junctions limit

A

paracellular transport

44
Q

Loop of Henle establishes conditions necessary
to

A

concentrate urine
* Minimizes water loss

45
Q

Amount of substance excreted =

A

amount filtered
+ amount secreted – amount reabsorbed

46
Q

Amount excreted depends on three factors:

A
  • Filtered load
  • Secretion rate
  • Reabsorption rate
47
Q

If amount of solute excreted per minute is less than filtered
load ->

A

solute was reabsorbed

48
Q
  • If amount of solute excreted per minute is greater than
    filtered load ->
A

solute was secreted

49
Q

Clearance Cx

A

Volume of plasma from which a substance has
been removed by kidneys per unit time (volume of
plasma that contains the amount of a substance
that has been excreted per unit time)

50
Q

If Cx> GFR

A

then substance was secreted

51
Q

If Cx < GFR

A

then substance was reabsorbed

52
Q

Micturition =

A

urination

53
Q

Where is urine formed?

A

renal tubules

54
Q

Urine drains into?

A

renal pelvis and into ureter

55
Q

ureters lead to

A

bladder

56
Q

What stores urine

A

bladder

57
Q

label diagram 18.21

A

A&P II (8 decks)

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