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A&P II > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Do both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate most effector organs?

A

yes

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2
Q

Primary function of the autonomic system

A

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities tend to be?

A

antagonistic

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4
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest

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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight-or-flight response

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6
Q

What are the two types of neurons from CNS to effector organs

A

Preganglionic neurons
Postganglionic neurons

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7
Q

What do Autonomic ganglia do?

A
  • Communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron
  • Intrinsic neurons
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8
Q

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Effector organs
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Glands
  • Adipose tissue
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9
Q

What nerves are apart of the parasympathetic ns?

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
pelvic nerves

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10
Q

Name the cranial nerves

A
  • Cranial nerve X = vagus nerve
  • Cranial nerve III = oculomotor
  • Cranial nerve VII = facial nerve (drooll)
  • Cranial nerve IX = glossopharyngeal nerve (throat glands)
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11
Q

Are pelvic nerves distinct from somatic spinal nerves?

A

yes

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12
Q

Efferent fibers belong to what type of nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Function of afferent nerve fibers

A
  • Transmit information from visceral receptors to CNS
  • Important in maintaining homeostasis
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14
Q

What are the two autonomic receptors?

A

Cholinergic and Adrenergic

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15
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

more common; bind acetylcholine (symp and para)

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16
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

bind norepinephrine (sympathetic)

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17
Q

Types of cholinergic receptors

A
  • Nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ionotropic)
  • Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (metabotropic)
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18
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A
  • Cause cation channels to open
  • Channel opening results in depolarization
  • Chromaffin (adrenal glands)- releases adrenaline
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19
Q

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

A
  • G protein coupled
  • Effect depends on target cell
  • parasympathetic, on the heart and smooth muscle
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20
Q

Two main classes of adrenergic receptors

A
  • alpha and beta, and are both coupled to G proteins
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21
Q

Properties of alpha-adrenergic receptors

A
  • Located in effector organs of sympathetic nervous system
  • excitatory (muscle contraction and gland secretion)
  • Affinity greater for norepinephrine
22
Q

Properties of Beta-adrenergic receptors

A
  • All activate cAMP
  • Affinities for norepinephrine and epinephrine vary
  • Inhibitory
23
Q

Most common adrenergic receptor

A

alpha

24
Q

Properties of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

A
  • Located in cardiac muscle and kidneys
  • Usually excitatory
  • Equal affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine
25
Q

Properties of beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A
  • Located in some blood vessels and smooth muscle
  • Usually inhibitory
  • Greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine
26
Q

Whats bw efferent and effector organ in the autonomic nervous system?

A

synapses

27
Q

Neuroeffector junctions

A

Between postganglionic neuron and effector organ

28
Q

Varicosities

A

Neurotransmitter produced and stored in axon swellings

29
Q

Varicosities are released in response to what?

A

action potential in postganglionic neuron

30
Q

Name the 6 steps of the neuroeffector junctions

A
  1. Action potential arrives at varicosity
  2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
  3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter
  4. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on effector organ
  5. Response in effector organ occurs
  6. Neurotransmitter is degraded and diffuses away; reuptake occurs
31
Q

Increases in parasympathetic activity are coupled with?

A

decreases in sympathetic activity

32
Q

Increases in sympathetic activity are coupled with

A

decreases in parasympathetic activity

33
Q

Parasympathetic activity

A
  • Quiet, relaxed states
  • Active in “rest and digest”
  • Increases gastrointestinal activities
  • Decreases heart rate and blood pressure
34
Q

Sympathetic activity

A
  • Prepares for emergency, stress, and exercise
  • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Mobilizes energy stores
  • Dilates pupils
  • Decreases gastrointestinal and urinary functions
35
Q

Are both parasympathetic and sympathetic active ?

A

yes, When at rest parasympathetic nervous system dominates

36
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary
- Motor neurons (efferent)
- Innervate skeletal muscle

37
Q

Somatic NS neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

38
Q

What receptors are in skeletal muscle?

A

nicotinic cholinergic

39
Q

One motor neuron innervates?

A

many muscle fibers

40
Q

Each muscle fiber is innervated by ?

A

only one motor neuron

41
Q

Terminal bouton

A

axon terminal
- neuromuscular junction

42
Q

Motor end plate

A

specialized muscle membrane at junction, infoldings are many nicotinic receptors

43
Q

All motor neurons release ?

A

acetylcholine
- Acetylcholinesterase

44
Q

Synapses are ?

A

excitatory

45
Q

Action potential in motor neuron triggers release of ?

A

acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction

46
Q

End-plate potential occurs at?

A

motor end plate

47
Q

Neuromuscular junctions are always?

A

excitatory

48
Q

What are the 8 steps of communication at the neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at terminal bouton
  2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open
  3. Calcium enters cell, triggering release of ACh
  4. ACh diffuses across cleft and binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
  5. ACh triggers opening of channels for the small cations sodium and potassium
  6. Net movement of positive charge in depolarization
  7. EPP causes action potential in muscle cell
  8. Action potential spreads through muscle, causing contraction
49
Q

Look at figure 11.15

A
50
Q

Look over table 11.4

A

A&P II (8 decks)

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