A&P II > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
* Exchange between lungs and blood
* Transportation in blood
* Exchange between blood and body tissues

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3
Q

Air passages of the head and neck

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
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4
Q

Label figure 16.2

A
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5
Q

What figures are apart of the conducting zone?

A

Larynx
* Glottis
* Epiglottis
* Trachea
* Bronchi
Bronchioles

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6
Q

Secondary bronchi

A
  • Three on right side to three lobes of right lung
  • Two on left side to two lobes of left lung
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7
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

20-23 orders of branching

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

less than 1mm in diameter

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9
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A
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10
Q

Functions of the conducting zone

A
  • Air passageway: 150 mL in volume (dead space)
  • Increases air temperature to body temperature
  • Humidifies air
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11
Q

Epithelium of the conducting zone

A
  • Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Ciliated cells (move particles toward mouth)
  • Mucus escalator
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12
Q

Function of the respiratory zone

A
  • Exchange of gases between air and blood
  • Mechanism of action: diffusion
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13
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
  • Alveolar sacs
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14
Q

Epithelium of the respiratory zone

A
  • Epithelial cell layer of alveoli
  • Endothelial cell layer of capillaries
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15
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange
Rich blood supply: capillaries form sheet over alveoli

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16
Q

Alveolar pores

A

type 1 and type 2

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17
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

make up wall of alveoli
* Single layer of epithelial cells

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18
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant

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19
Q

Respiratory membrane

A
  • Barrier for diffusion
  • Type I cells + basement membrane
  • Capillary endothelial cells + basement membrane
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20
Q

Chest wall

A

airtight, protects lungs

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21
Q

What composes the chest wall

A
  • Rib cage
  • Sternum
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Muscles: internal and external intercostals, diaphragm
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22
Q

Pleura

A

membrane lining of lungs and chest wall

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23
Q

What surrounds each lung?

A

pleura

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24
Q

Intrapleural space is filled with?

A

intrapleural fluid (15ml)

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25
Label figure 16.7
26
Air moves in and out of lungs by
bulk flow
27
Air moves from
high to low pressure
28
Inspiration
pressure in lungs less than atmospheric pressure
29
Expiration
pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure
30
Atmospheric pressure
* 760 mm Hg at sea level * Decreases as altitude increases * Increases under water
31
Intra-alveolar pressure
* Pressure of air in alveoli * Given relative to atmospheric pressure * Varies with phase of respiration
32
During inspiration what is intra-alveolar pressure?
negative (less than atmospheric)
33
During expiration what is intra-alveolar pressure?
positive (more than atmospheric)
34
Difference between Palv and Patm drives?
ventilation
35
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure inside pleural sac * Always negative under normal conditions * Always less than Palv
36
Intrapleural pressure varies with?
respiration at rest, -4 mm Hg
37
Why is intraplearal pressure negative?
Negative due to elasticity in lungs and chest wall * Lungs recoil inward as chest wall recoils outward * Opposing forces pull on intrapleural space * Surface tension of intrapleural fluid prevents wall and lungs from pulling apart
38
Transpulmonary pressure
= Palv – Pip * Distending pressure across the lung wall
39
Increase in transpulmonary pressure
* Increases distending pressure across lungs * Causes lungs (alveoli) to expand, increasing volume
40
Movement of air in and out of lungs occurs due to
pressure gradients
41
Mechanics of breathing describes mechanisms for
creating pressure gradients
42
Boyle's law
pressure is inversely related to volum
43
Flow =
Patm - Palv / R
44
alveolar pressure changes affect and can be affected by?
gradients ; volume
45
Factors determining intra-alveolar pressure
* Quantity of air in alveoli * Volume of alveoli
46
when lungs expand....
alveolar volume increases * Palv decreases * Pressure gradient drives air into lungs
47
when lungs recoil....
alveolar volume decreases * Palv increases * Pressure gradient drives air out of lungs
48
Inspiratory muscles increase
volume of thoracic cavity * Diaphragm * External intercostals
49
Expiratory muscles decrease
volume of thoracic cavity * Internal intercostals * Abdominal muscles
50
label figure 16.11
51
Inspiration steps
* Neural stimulation of inspiratory muscles * Diaphragm contraction causes it to flatten and move downward * Contraction of external intercostals makes ribs pivot upward and outward, expanding the chest wall * Collectively, thoracic cavity volume increases * Outward pull on pleura decreases intrapleural pressure, which results in an increase in transpulmonary pressure * Alveoli expand, decreasing alveolar pressure * Air flows into alveoli by bulk flow Figure 16.12 easier
52
Expiration is what type of process
passive process
53
When inspiratory muscles stop contracting....
recoil of the lungs and chest wall to their original positions decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
54
Active expiration requires?
expiratory muscles
55
Contraction of expiratory muscles creates
a greater and faster decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity
56
Lung compliance
Ease with which lungs can be stretched
57
Lung compliance formula
^V / ^ (Palv - Pip)
58
Larger lung compliance
* Easier to inspire * Smaller change in transpulmonary pressure needed to bring in a given volume of air
59
Factors affecting lung compliance
- Elasticity - Surface tension of lungs
60
More elasticity =
less compliance
61
Surface tension
force for alveoli to collapse or resist expansion
62
Surface tension arises due to
attractions between water molecules
63
Greater tension =
less compliance
64
To overcome surface tension what do the lungs do?
secrete sufactant from type II cells
65
Surfactant
detergent that decreases surface tension
66
Surfactant increases
lung compliance * Makes inspiration easier
67
As airways get smaller in diameter...
they increase in number, keeping overall resistance low
68
Increase in resistance makes it ....
harder to breathe
69
Bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle contracts, causing radius to decrease
70
Bronchodilation
smooth muscle relaxes, causing radius to increase
71
Contractile state of bronchiolar smooth muscle under what control?
extrinsic and intrinsic control
72
Sympathetic role in bronchiole radius
* Relaxation of smooth muscle * Bronchodilation
73
parasympathetic role in bronchiole radius
* Contraction of smooth muscle * Bronchoconstriction
74
Extrinsic control of bronchiole radius
Hormonal control * Epinephrine * Relaxation of smooth muscle * Bronchodilation
75
Intrinsic control of bronchiole radius
Histamine and CO2
76
Histamine
bronchoconstriction * Released during asthma and allergies * Also increases mucus secretion
77
CO2
bronchodilation
78
Pathological states that increase airway resistance
Asthma and COPD
79
Tidal volume (VT)
500 mL * Single, unforced breath
80
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
3000 mL * After breathing in, volume you can still inspire
81
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
1000 mL * After breathing out, volume you can still expire
82
Residual volume (RV)
1200 mL * Volume left after ERV * Measurable by helium dilution method
83
Inspiratory capacity (IC) =
VT + IRV = 3500 mL
84
Vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration * VC = VT + IRV + ERV = 4500 mL
85
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume remaining after resting tidal volume * FRC = ERV + RV = 2200 mL
86
Total lung capacity (TLC)
volume air in lungs after maximum inspiration * TLC = VT + IRV + ERV + RV = 5700 mL
87
Obstructive pulmonary diseases
* increased airway resistance * Residual volume increases (making it more difficult to expire) * Functional residual capacity increases * Vital capacity decreases
88
Restrictive pulmonary diseases
* More difficult for lungs to expand * Total lung capacity decreases * Vital capacity decreases
89
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
maximum-volume inhalation followed by exhalation as fast as possible * Low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease
90
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
- percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within certain time frame - Normal FEV1 = 80% - FEV1 < 80% indicates obstructive pulmonary disease
91
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
maximum rate at which a person can exhale * Men = 9 L/sec * Women = 7 L/sec
92
Minute ventilation
total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute
93
Minute ventilation formula
* Minute ventilation = VT x RR * Normal respiration rate = 12 breaths/min * Normal VT = 500 mL * Normal minute ventilation = 500 mL  12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min
94
Anatomical dead space
* Air in conducting zone does not participate in gas exchange * Conducting zone = anatomical dead space
95
Alveolar ventilation
* Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute * Alveolar ventilation = (VT × RR) – (DSV × RR)
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