Chapter 18

Question 1

How many layers does the pericardium have and what are they

Answer 1

two layers fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Question 2

What is pericarditis

Answer 2

swelling and irritation of pericardium

Question 3

What is the fossa ovale

Answer 3

small oval depression in interatrial septum at the site of closed foramen ovale

Question 4

Where does the superior vena cava bring blood from

Answer 4

the head neck arms and chest

Question 5

where does the inferior vena cava bring blood from

Answer 5

legs feet abdominal and pelvic organs

Question 6

Where does the coronary sinus bring blood from

Answer 6

the heart muscle

Question 7

What do papillary muscles do

Answer 7

prevent inversion or prolapse of valves

Question 8

Which side is the tricuspid valve on

Answer 8

right

Question 9

which side is the bicuspid valve on

Answer 9

left

Question 10

What are the two semilunar valves

Answer 10

the pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 11

What can happen with an incompetent valve

Answer 11

blood can flow backwards

Question 12

What is valvular stenosis

Answer 12

stiff flaps that constrict the opening

Question 13

What are the causes of heart valve defects

Answer 13

congenital defects and acquired defects

Question 14

What is angina pectoris

Answer 14

chest pain or discomfort that happens when part of the heart does get enough blood and oxygen

Question 15

What is a myocardial infarction

Answer 15

when one or more areas of the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen

Question 16

What are the unavoidable risk factors for CAD

Answer 16

age gender family history and race

Question 17

What are the preventable risk factors for CAD

Answer 17

diet activity level weight smoking blood pressure

Question 18

What are pacemaker cells

Answer 18

non-contractile cells that initiate heart beat

Question 19

Why does the AV node slow signals

Answer 19

to allow the ventricle to fill completely

Question 20

what is isovolumetric contraction

Answer 20

ventricle fill and begin to contract while both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

Question 21

What is isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 21

when there is still blood in the ventricles after they contract

Question 22

What is end systolic volume

Answer 22

volume of blood in left or right ventricle at the end of systolic ejection phase before beginning diastole phase

Question 23

Frank starling law and cardiac output

Answer 23

increased venous return causes increased EDV causes increased SV causes increase CO

Question 24

What is the afterload

Answer 24

back pressure exerted by arterial blood flow

Question 25

What is vagal tone

Answer 25

measure of cardiovascular function that facilitates adaptive responses to environmental challenge

Question 26

What can cause a weakened myocardium

Answer 26

coronary atherosclerosis, high BP, heart attacks, and dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 27

What side of the heart fails in pulmonary congestion

Answer 27

the left side

Question 28

What is the ductus arteriosus and what does it turn into

Answer 28

connects left pulmonary artery near its origin to descending aorta distal to left subclavian artery. ligamentum anteriosum