Chapter 18 Flashcards
Functions of the Endocrine System
- metabolism
- control of food intake and digestion
- tissue maturation
- ion regulation
- water balance
- heart rate and blood pressure regulation
- control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- control of reproductive hormones
- uterine contractions
- immune system
Metabolic function of endocrine system
Metabolism is controlled with Thyroid hormones.
T4, T3 and calcitonin
Ion Regulation function of Endocrine System
Ca2+,
calcitonin (osteoblasts -building. blood calcium levels decrease),
PTH (osteoclasts - breaking down. blood calcium levels increase)
Water Balance Function of Endocrine System
ADH - antidiuretic hormone causes body to retain water. water retention important with low blood pressure, dehydration, and burns
Heart rate function of endocrine system
Through the RAA system
Immune system function of endocrine system
through Thymosin hormone
Organs and Glands of the Endocrine System
Pineal gland Hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus adrenal glands (sit atop kidneys) Pancreas Ovary/Testes
Which gland secretes melatonin?
Pineal Gland. Melatonin regulates our sleep/wake cycle
Another Name for Antidiuretic Hormone
Vasopressin
Hypothalamus controls the
pituitary gland via either inhibiting or releasing hormones
Two parts of the Pituitary Gland are
the anterior and posterior
Another name for the anterior pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis
Another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
Neuro- because it is an extension f the nervous system.
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) produces what major hormones?
Major:
GH - growth hormone or somatotropin
TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland) produces what major hormones?
ADH - antidiuretic hormone or vassopresin
Oxytocin
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
Three areas of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis
What does ADH lead to after it is secreted?
Increased blood pressure
What is the opposite of ADH?
Diuretics. which decrease blood pressure by secreting excessive water in the urine.
Releasing and inhibiting hormones are made and secreted where?
Hypothalamus
If GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) is made and secreted by the hypothalamus__
the pituitary gland secretes the hormone
If GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) is made and secreted by the hypothalamus ___
the pituitary gland stops secreting growth hormone
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone GHIH - growth hormone inhibiting hormone TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone PRH - prolactin releasing hormone PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone
Growth Hormone (GH) function
- stimulates uptake of amino acids: protein sythesis
- stimulates breakdown of fats to be used as energy. stimulates synthesis of glycogen.
- promotes bone and cartilage growth
- regulates blood levels of nutrients after a meal and during periods of fasting.
Growth Hormone Inhibition
Hypothalamus produces GHIH (somatostatin)
- inhibits production of GH by anterior pituitary
- GHRH secretion in response in response to low blood glucose, stress, increased in certain a.a. Whereas GHIH secretions in response to high blood glucose.
- Peak GH levels during deep sleep; levels lower at other times of day
Direct Effect of Growth Hormone
Binds to receptors on cells and causes changes within the cells. adipose.
Indirect Effect of Growth Hormone
Causes liver and skeletal muscles to produce somatomedin - insulin like growth factors. stimulates growth in cartilage, bone; increased synthesis of proteins in skeletal muscles
What cells in the Thyroid make T3 and T4?
Follicular cells
What cells in the thyroid make calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
what is the sella turcica?
the bony depression where the pituitary gland sits
Where does PTH hormone come from?
the Parathyroid. PTH - parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Function
Stimulates osteoclasts which take calcium away from the bone and adds it to the blood, increasing blood calcium levels.
symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Increase metabolic rate flush/warm weight loss hypertensive hyperactivity fine hair
symptoms of Hypothyroidism
decreased metabolic rate cold intolerance weight gain hypotensive decreased activity course hair TSH levels are normal, T3 and T4 levels are decreased.
Lab Values for Hyperthyroidism
T3 & T4 - elevated
TSH - decreased
TRH - decreased
Lab values for Hypothyroidism
T3 & T4 - decreased
TSH - Elevated
TRH - Elevated
Blood calcium is regulated via what two hormones?
Calcitonin - osteoblasts - building. blood calcium levels decrease
PTH -osteoclasts - breaking down. blood calcium levels increase
