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Biology 101 and 102 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Ingstion

A

A characteristic that all animals have. Eating food.

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2
Q

blastula

A

A hollow ball of cells.

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3
Q

gastrula

A

When the blastula folds inward

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4
Q

endoderm

A

The internal sac formed by gastrulation

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

An outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system.

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

A third embryonic cell layer which forms the muscles and most internal organs

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7
Q

larva

A

An immature individual that looks different from the adult animal

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8
Q

metamorphosis

A

A major change of body form that the larva undergoes in becoming an adult capable of reproducing sexually

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9
Q

invertebrates

A

Those animals that lack a vertebral column

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10
Q

radial symmetry

A

A body plan where the body parts radiate fro the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel.

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11
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

A body plan that has a mirror-image right and left sides

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12
Q

anterior

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the head end

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13
Q

posterior

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the tail end

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14
Q

dorsal

A

part of bilateral symmetry that has a back end

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15
Q

ventral

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the bottom end

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16
Q

body cavity

A

Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall that cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall.

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17
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

Provides a rigid structure against which muscles contract, moving the animal

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18
Q

true coelem

A

A body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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19
Q

pseudocoelem

A

A body cavity not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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20
Q

protostomes

A

The first opening becomes the mouth

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21
Q

deuterostomes

A

The first opening becomes the anus, and the second opening forms the mouth

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22
Q

eumetazoans

A

The animals with true tissues. Every phyla except porifera.

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23
Q

bilaterians

A

Those phyla of animals that have bilateral symmetry

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24
Q

choanocytes

A

Inner flagellated “collar” cells of a sponge which help to sweep water through the sponge’s body.

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25
amoebocytes
One of the layers of the sponge which produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of spongin and spicules
26
suspension feeders, filter feeder
Animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment.
27
sessile
Anchored in place
28
polyp
A body form of cnidarians that has a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end that is mostly stationary
29
medusa
A freely moving body form of cnidarians that are shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge
30
gastrovascular cavity
A cavity where food is digested. Fluid in the gastrovascular cavity circulates nutrients and oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic wastes.
31
free-living flatworms
A group of flatworms that has a simple brain and move by using cilia
32
flukes
A group of flatworms that live as parasites in other animals and have complex lifecycles
33
tapeworms
A group of flatworms that are similar to flukes that inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates
34
cuticle
Several layers of tough nonliving material that cover the body and prevent an organism from drying out.
35
complete digestive tract
A digestive tract where food travels only one way through the system and is processed as it moves along.
36
foot
A part in molluscs that functions in locomotion
37
visceral mass
A part in molluscs that contains most of the internal organs
38
mantle
A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell
39
radula
A rasping organ in molluscs that is used to scrape up food.
40
circulatory system
An organ system that pumps blood and distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
41
gastropods
A type of mollusc, includes the only type that can be found on land.
42
bivalves
Molluscs that have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together.
43
cephalopods
Molluscs that are adapted to the lifestyle of fast, agile predators.
44
Segmentation
The subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts
45
open circulatory system
Blood is pumped through vessels that open into body cavities, where organs are bathed directly in blood.
46
closed circulatory system
Blood remains enclosed in vessels as it distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Only annelids and vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
47
polychaetes
Annelids that are mostly marine. Many are tube-dwellers and extend feathery appendages to feed.
48
leeches
Annelids that are carnivores. Some suck blood.
49
arthropods
Invertebrates with segmented, hard exoskeletons, and joint appendages
50
exoskeleton
An external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages
51
molting
The process of periodically shedding an old exoskeleton and secreting a larger one
52
horseshoe crab
An arthropod that has survived with little change for hundreds of millions of years
53
chelicerates
An ancient group of arthropods that were abundant in the sea some 300 million years ago. Horseshoe crabs are part of this group.
54
arachnids
A group of chelicerates that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites
55
millipedes
Wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plan matter. They have two pairs of short legs per body segment.
56
centipedes
Terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey such as cockroaches and flies. Each of their body segments bears a single pair of long legs.
57
crustaceans
A group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, crabs, and shrimp
58
complete metamorphosis
The transition from larva to adult involves a pupa stage.
59
incomplete metamorphosis
The transition from larva to adult involves multiple molts, but no pupa stage.
60
endoskeleton
An internal skeleton in echinoderms
61
water vascular system
A network of water-filled canals in echinoderms that branch into extensions called tube feet.
62
notochord
A characteristic in vertebrates that is a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord
63
pharyngeal slits
A characteristic in vertebrates that is located in the pharynx, the region just behind the mouth.
64
post-anal tail
A tail posterior to the anus
65
lancelets
A group of marine invertebrate chordates that feed on suspended particles
66
tunicates
One of two groups that has no notochord in adults but all four chordate features in larvae.

Biology 101 and 102 (6 decks)

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