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Biology 101 and 102 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingstion

A

A characteristic that all animals have. Eating food.

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2
Q

blastula

A

A hollow ball of cells.

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3
Q

gastrula

A

When the blastula folds inward

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4
Q

endoderm

A

The internal sac formed by gastrulation

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

An outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system.

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

A third embryonic cell layer which forms the muscles and most internal organs

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7
Q

larva

A

An immature individual that looks different from the adult animal

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8
Q

metamorphosis

A

A major change of body form that the larva undergoes in becoming an adult capable of reproducing sexually

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9
Q

invertebrates

A

Those animals that lack a vertebral column

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10
Q

radial symmetry

A

A body plan where the body parts radiate fro the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel.

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11
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

A body plan that has a mirror-image right and left sides

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12
Q

anterior

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the head end

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13
Q

posterior

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the tail end

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14
Q

dorsal

A

part of bilateral symmetry that has a back end

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15
Q

ventral

A

part of bilateral symmetry that is the bottom end

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16
Q

body cavity

A

Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall that cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall.

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17
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

Provides a rigid structure against which muscles contract, moving the animal

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18
Q

true coelem

A

A body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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19
Q

pseudocoelem

A

A body cavity not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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20
Q

protostomes

A

The first opening becomes the mouth

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21
Q

deuterostomes

A

The first opening becomes the anus, and the second opening forms the mouth

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22
Q

eumetazoans

A

The animals with true tissues. Every phyla except porifera.

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23
Q

bilaterians

A

Those phyla of animals that have bilateral symmetry

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24
Q

choanocytes

A

Inner flagellated “collar” cells of a sponge which help to sweep water through the sponge’s body.

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25
Q

amoebocytes

A

One of the layers of the sponge which produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of spongin and spicules

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26
Q

suspension feeders, filter feeder

A

Animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment.

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27
Q

sessile

A

Anchored in place

28
Q

polyp

A

A body form of cnidarians that has a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end that is mostly stationary

29
Q

medusa

A

A freely moving body form of cnidarians that are shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge

30
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

A cavity where food is digested. Fluid in the gastrovascular cavity circulates nutrients and oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic wastes.

31
Q

free-living flatworms

A

A group of flatworms that has a simple brain and move by using cilia

32
Q

flukes

A

A group of flatworms that live as parasites in other animals and have complex lifecycles

33
Q

tapeworms

A

A group of flatworms that are similar to flukes that inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates

34
Q

cuticle

A

Several layers of tough nonliving material that cover the body and prevent an organism from drying out.

35
Q

complete digestive tract

A

A digestive tract where food travels only one way through the system and is processed as it moves along.

36
Q

foot

A

A part in molluscs that functions in locomotion

37
Q

visceral mass

A

A part in molluscs that contains most of the internal organs

38
Q

mantle

A

A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell

39
Q

radula

A

A rasping organ in molluscs that is used to scrape up food.

40
Q

circulatory system

A

An organ system that pumps blood and distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

41
Q

gastropods

A

A type of mollusc, includes the only type that can be found on land.

42
Q

bivalves

A

Molluscs that have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together.

43
Q

cephalopods

A

Molluscs that are adapted to the lifestyle of fast, agile predators.

44
Q

Segmentation

A

The subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts

45
Q

open circulatory system

A

Blood is pumped through vessels that open into body cavities, where organs are bathed directly in blood.

46
Q

closed circulatory system

A

Blood remains enclosed in vessels as it distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Only annelids and vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.

47
Q

polychaetes

A

Annelids that are mostly marine. Many are tube-dwellers and extend feathery appendages to feed.

48
Q

leeches

A

Annelids that are carnivores. Some suck blood.

49
Q

arthropods

A

Invertebrates with segmented, hard exoskeletons, and joint appendages

50
Q

exoskeleton

A

An external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages

51
Q

molting

A

The process of periodically shedding an old exoskeleton and secreting a larger one

52
Q

horseshoe crab

A

An arthropod that has survived with little change for hundreds of millions of years

53
Q

chelicerates

A

An ancient group of arthropods that were abundant in the sea some 300 million years ago. Horseshoe crabs are part of this group.

54
Q

arachnids

A

A group of chelicerates that includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites

55
Q

millipedes

A

Wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plan matter. They have two pairs of short legs per body segment.

56
Q

centipedes

A

Terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey such as cockroaches and flies. Each of their body segments bears a single pair of long legs.

57
Q

crustaceans

A

A group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, crabs, and shrimp

58
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

The transition from larva to adult involves a pupa stage.

59
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A

The transition from larva to adult involves multiple molts, but no pupa stage.

60
Q

endoskeleton

A

An internal skeleton in echinoderms

61
Q

water vascular system

A

A network of water-filled canals in echinoderms that branch into extensions called tube feet.

62
Q

notochord

A

A characteristic in vertebrates that is a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord

63
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

A characteristic in vertebrates that is located in the pharynx, the region just behind the mouth.

64
Q

post-anal tail

A

A tail posterior to the anus

65
Q

lancelets

A

A group of marine invertebrate chordates that feed on suspended particles

66
Q

tunicates

A

One of two groups that has no notochord in adults but all four chordate features in larvae.

Biology 101 and 102 (6 decks)

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