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Biology 101 and 102 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing agents

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2
Q

cocci (singular coccus)

A

sperical prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

bacilli (singular, bacillus)

A

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

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4
Q

Archaea and Bacteria

A

The two domains of prokaryotes

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5
Q

streptococci

A

Cocci that occur in chains

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6
Q

staphylococci

A

Cocci that occur in clusters

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7
Q

spirilla

A

Spiral prokaryotes that are relatively short and rigid

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8
Q

spirochete

A

Spiral prokaryotes that that have longer, more flexible cells

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9
Q

Gram stain

A

A technique that scientists use to identify bacteria

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10
Q

peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. Part of bacteria cell walls.

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11
Q

fimbriae

A

Hairlike projections that enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to one another.

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12
Q

plasmids

A

Small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome.

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13
Q

endospore

A

The inner cell of some prokaryotes which has a thick, protective coat, dehydrates, and beomes dormant.

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14
Q

autotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.

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15
Q

heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their carbon atoms from the organic compounds of other organisms.

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16
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Organisms that harness sunlight for energy and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

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17
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic sources.

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18
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Organisms that harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon from carbon dioxide to make organic molecules.

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19
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Organisms that acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules

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20
Q

biofilm

A

Highly organized colonies of prokaryotes that secrete signaling molecules to attract nearby cells.

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21
Q

Bioremediation

A

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.

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22
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Archaea that thrive in very salty places.

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23
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Arachaea that thrive in very hot water.

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24
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea that live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product.

25
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Bacteria that are gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence.

26
Q

Symbiosis

A

a close association between organisms of two or more species

27
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Bacteria that have a simple cell wall of peptidoglycan

28
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

The only group of bacteria that go through photosynthesis

29
Q

Chlamydias

A

Bacteria which live inside eukaryotic host cells

30
Q

Spirochetes

A

Helical bacteria that spiral through their environment by means of rotating, internal filaments.

31
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment

32
Q

Endotoxins

A

Lipid components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell.

33
Q

protists

A

a diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

34
Q

algae

A

protists who are autotrophs

35
Q

protozoans

A

protists who are heterotrophs

36
Q

parasites

A

those who derive their nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction.

37
Q

mixotrophs

A

protists who are capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy, depending on availability of light and nutrients

38
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

The process in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

39
Q

chromalveolata

A

a large, extremely diverse group of of autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic species. They are multicellular and unicellular.

40
Q

diatoms

A

Unicellular, autotrophic algae that have a unique glassy cell wall containing silica. Part of chromalveolates.

41
Q

dinoflagellates

A

a group of chromalveolates that includes unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs and mixotrophs. They have blooms, population explosions.

42
Q

Brown algae

A

Chromalveolates that are autotrophic, multicellular, and mostly marine.

43
Q

kelp

A

brown algae that are anchored to the seafloor and may grow up to 60 m

44
Q

water molds

A

heterotrophic unicellular chromalveolates that typically decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats.

45
Q

ciliates

A

chromalveolates that use cilia to move and to sweep food into their mouth. Includes heterotrophs and mixotrophs.

46
Q

rhizaria

A

a clade of protists that is based on similarities in DNA

47
Q

ameobas

A

rhizarians that move and feed by means of pseudopodia

48
Q

psudopodia (singular, pseudopodium)

A

temporary extensions of the cell

49
Q

foraminiferans

A

rhizaria that are found both in the ocean and in fresh water. They have porous shells called tests.

50
Q

radiolarians

A

Rhizaria that produce a mineralized support structure made of silica

51
Q

excavata

A

a group of protists that is classified by their excavated feeding grove.

52
Q

unikonta

A

A group of protists that consists of the amoebozoans and a second clade that includes animals and fungi

53
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A

Ameobozoans that are common where there is moist, decaying organic matter. They are often brightly pigmented.

54
Q

Plasmodium

A

A single, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm undivided by plasma membranes. It is a unikont.

55
Q

cellular slime molds

A

Organisms that are common on decaying organic matter. They usually exist as solitary amoeboid cells, but when food is scarce, the ameoboid cells swarm together. They are unikonts.

56
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Protists that are autotrophic. Consist of green and red algae.

57
Q

Red algae

A

Archaeplastida that are encrusted. The red pigment comes from an accessory pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll.

58
Q

green algae

A

Archaeplastida that include unicellular and colonial species as well as multicellular seaweeds.

Biology 101 and 102 (6 decks)

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