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APES > Chapter 17 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

any impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen (ex. Pneumonia and sexually transmitted diseases)

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3
Q

acute disease

A

a disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism (ex. Ebola hemorrhagic fever)

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4
Q

chronic disease

A

a disease that slowly impairs functioning of an organism (ex. heart disease and cancer)

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5
Q

epidemic

A

a situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease

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6
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region

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7
Q

plague

A

an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by fleas. Symptoms are swollen glands, black spots, and extreme pain.

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8
Q

malaria

A

an infectious disease caused by one of the several species of protists in the genus Plasmodium. It has recurrent flulike symptoms.

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9
Q

tuberculosis

A

a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily infects the lungs. Symptoms are weakness, night sweats, and coughing up blood.

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10
Q

emergent infectious disease

A

an infectious disease that has not been previously described or has not been common for at least 20 years

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11
Q

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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12
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

a virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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13
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

an infectious disease with high death rates, caused by the Ebola virus. Symptoms are fever, vomiting, sometimes internal and external bleeding. Death occurs within 2 weeks

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14
Q

mad cow disease

A

a disease in which prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cow’s nervous system

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15
Q

prion

A

a small, beneficial protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen

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16
Q

swine flu

A

H1N1; person to person transmission; touching infected surfaces; nose/throat culture; vaccine

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17
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

SOURCE: Caused by a virus that spreads through coughing and sneezing or skin to skin.
SYMPTOMS: Flu-like symptoms.
FACTS: First appeared in chimps.
SOLUTIONS: No treatment currently exists. Spreads very fast.

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18
Q

west nile virus

A

SOURCE: A virus that lives in hundreds species of birds and is transmitted by mosquitoes.
SYMPTOMS: The virus can be highly letahl to birds, but most of them survive. In humans, it caused inflammation of the brain sometimes leading to death
FACTS: First case reported in Uganda. Reached New York in 1999.
SOLUTIONS: Increased measures to combat mosquito populations and protect against mosquito bites.

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19
Q

lyme disease

A

SOURCE: Caused by a bacteria that lives in wild deer and mice and is transmitted to humans through ticks.
SYMPTOMS: Arthritis, Heart disease, Nervous disorders.
FACTS: Reduced the population of foxes. Destroys animal habitat.

20
Q

nuerotoxin

A

a chemical that disrupts the nervous systems of animals (ex. insecticide, lead, mercury)

21
Q

zika virus disease

A

A virus spread by daytime active Aedes mosquitoes. A pregnant mother can pass it to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth leading to severe birth defects.

22
Q

mutagen

A

carcinogens that cause damage to the genetic material of a cell

23
Q

teratogen

A

chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses

24
Q

allergen

A

a chemical that causes allergic reactions

25
Q

endocrine disruptor

A

Chemicals that interfere with normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body

26
Q

dose-response study

A

a study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction

27
Q

acute study

A

an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration

28
Q

chronic study

A

an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration

29
Q

LD50

A

the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study

30
Q

sublethal effect

A

the effects of an environmental hazard that are not lethal, but which may impair an organism’s behavior, physiology, or reproduction

31
Q

ED50

A

an abbreviation for the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect

32
Q

No-observed-effect level (NOEL)

A

When chemical intake does not show observable side effects.

- Usually a chronic study.

33
Q

retrospective study

A

a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some point in the past

34
Q

prospective study

A

a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future

35
Q

synergistic interaction

A

risks that cause more harm together than expected based on separate individual risksrou

36
Q

route of exposure

A

the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard

37
Q

solubility

A

how well a chemical dissolves in a liquid

38
Q

bioaccumulation

A

An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time.

39
Q

biomagnification

A

Gradual increase in concentration of toxic substance through food chain

40
Q

persistence

A

the length of time a chemical remains in the environment

41
Q

environmental hazard

A

anything in the environment that can potentially cause harm

42
Q

innocent-until-proven-guilty principle

A

a principle based on the philosophy that a potential hazard should not be considered an actual hazard until the scientific data definitely demonstrates that it actually causes harm

43
Q

precautionary principle

A

a principle based on the philosophy that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard

44
Q

stockholm convention

A

a 2001 agreement among 127 nations concerning 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced

45
Q

REACH

A

a 2007 agreement among the nations of the European Union about regulation of chemicals

46
Q

bird flu

A

an avian influenza caused by the H1N1 virus

47
Q

carcinogen

A

chemicals that cause cancer by causing damage to cells and leading to uncontrolled growth

APES (15 decks)

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