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Physiology Final > Chapter 17: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are tonic contractions ?

A

maintain contraction over a long period of time
- “told to relax”
- stimulated by the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC)
- Ex.) sphincters, stomach, anal

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2
Q

What are phasic contractions ?

A

contract on demand
- “told to contract”
- stimulated by the Nervous System
- Ex.) esophagus, intestines

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3
Q

What causes the phasic contractions to vary ?

A
  • more Ca+ means a stronger muscle contraction
  • the AP frequency
  • duration of stimulus
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4
Q

What is peristalsis movement ?

A

oral to aboral movement in one direction
- meant to move the food through the GI tract
- in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- short distances

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5
Q

What is segmentation movement ?

A

back and forth churning movement
- contraction behind and in front of blous means to mix the food with the secretions

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6
Q

What is mass movement ?

A

forceful, peristalsis-like movements that move the waste in the colon
- 2-3x per day

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7
Q

What is migrating myoelectric complex ?

A

long overlapping peristalsis waves that ensure your food moves along and doesn’t stay put
- stomach through large intestine
- oral to aboral

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8
Q

Where is the deglutition(swallowing) center in the brain ?

A

medulla

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9
Q

What do the G cells secrete and why ?

A

gastrin
- stimulated to secrete by the stretching of the stomach, ACh, peptide, and amino acids

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10
Q

What do the Enterochromaffin (ECL) cells secrete and why ?

A

histamine
- simulated to secrete by ACh and gastrin

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11
Q

What do the parietal cells secrete and why ?

A

HCl (gastric acid) and Intrinsic Factor
- stimulated to secrete by ACh, gastrin, and histamine

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12
Q

What does the duodenum secrete and why ?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Secretin
- CCK stimulated to secrete by the presence of fats and proteins in the stomach
- Secretin stimulated to secrete by acids in the duodenum (low pH)

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13
Q

What do the D cells secrete and why ?

A

somatostatin
- stimulated to secrete because of acid in the stomach

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14
Q

What do the chief/principal cells secrete and why ?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase
- stimulated to secrete when exposed to acidic conditions
- ACh or acid secretion

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15
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete and why ?

A

salivary amylase
- stimulated to secrete because of sour tastes (low pH), sight or smell of food, or tactile stimulation of the oral cavity

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16
Q

What is the function of CCK ?

A

stimulates the production and secretion of bile, and of pancreatic enzymes

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17
Q

What is the function of secretin ?

A

stimulates HCO3- (bicarbonate) release from the liver

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18
Q

What is the function of HCO3- ?

A

to buffer the gastric acid to prevent damage

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19
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen and gastric lipase ?

A
  • protein digestion
  • digest lipids (fats)
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20
Q

What is the function of gastrin ?

A

activate gastric acid secretion

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21
Q

What is the function of histamine ?

A

stimulate gastric acid secretion

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22
Q

What is the function of somatostatin ?

A

to inhibit gastrin and histamine secretion

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23
Q

What is the function of HCl ?

A

activates the pepsin and kills bacteria

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24
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor ?

A

to absorb vitamin B12 needed for RBCs

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25
Q

Where is the emesis center ?

A

medulla

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26
Q

What is gastroparesis ?

A

slowing down of the stomach so it’s not emptying as efficiently as it should
- associated with gastric pacemakers of motility

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27
Q

What is gastric dumping syndrome ?

A

emptying of the stomach that is so quick to the point where you overwhelm your duodenum
- causes you to not have efficient digestion or even absorption

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28
Q

What is emesis ?

A

vomitting

29
Q

What is chyme ?

A

food and any digestive secretions in it

30
Q

Where does digestion start ?

A

in the duodenum

31
Q

What do Goblet Cells produce ?

A

mucus

32
Q

What do Granular Cells produce ?

A

immune function

33
Q

What do Enteroendocrine cells produce ?

A

hormone

34
Q

What are the enterocolic and duodenocolic reflexes for ?

A

stretch receptors in the stomach and duodenum that initiate mass movement

35
Q

What initiates the defecation reflex ?

A

distension of stretch receptors in the rectum

36
Q

What neural system controls the internal anal sphincter ?

A

parasympathetic

37
Q

What neural system controls the external anal sphincter ?

A

somatic

38
Q

During the resting state is the internal anal sphincter contracted or relaxed ?

A

contracted

39
Q

During the Micturition (peeing) state is the external anal sphincter contracted or relaxed ?

A

relaxed

40
Q

What is the process of the defecation reflex ?

A
  • the internal anal sphincter relaxes
  • there is continued contraction of the external sphincter
  • continued peristalsis and increased pressure in the rectum
  • the external anal sphincter relaxes
41
Q

What is the Enterohepatic Circulation ?

A

the bile salts are absorbed from the ileum –> where the hepatic portal veins transports it back to the liver
- can be recycled 2-5 times per meal`

42
Q

When is glucagon released ?

A

when the blood glucose levels are low
- tonic release
- alpha cells

43
Q

When is insulin released ?

A

when blood glucose levels are high
-beta cells

44
Q

Which NS is a long reflex ?

A

central nervous system

45
Q

Which NS is a short reflex ?

A

enteric nervous system

46
Q

What is dysphagia ?

A

difficulty swallowing

47
Q

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD) ?

A

the lower esophageal sphincter isn’t closed as tightly and the acid goes up to the tissue of the esophagus
- not heartburn
- happens frequently
- can be caused by increased gastric pressure and excess acid secretion

48
Q

What stimulates the cephalic phase ?

A

sight, smell, taste, chewing

49
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase ?

A

stretch, amino acids, and peptides in the stomach

50
Q

What stimulates the intestinal phase ?

A

stretch, acidity, osmolarity, and digestive products

51
Q

What do the capillary beds in the small intestine absorb ?

A

carbohydrates and amino acids

52
Q

What do the lacteals in the small intestine absorb ?

A

lipids (fats)

53
Q

Where does the digestion of Carbohydrates start ?

A

oral cavity with the salivary amylase

54
Q

Where is amylase produced ?

A

oral cavity and pancreas

55
Q

What do the Carbohydrates digest into ?

A

Starch into glucose

56
Q

What do the Proteins digest into ?

A

amino acids

57
Q

What do Lipids digest into ?

A

triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

58
Q

What is Celiac disease ?

A

immune reaction to having gluten in the intestines
- causes loss of absorptive surface, and poor tissue repair

59
Q

What is Crohn’s disease ?

A

an inappropriate inflammatory response at mucosal layer of gut
- an inflammatory bowel disease
- causes loss of absorptive surface, and poor tissue repair

60
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis ?

A

an inappropriate inflammatory and ulceration response to the colon (at mucosal layer of the gut)
- an inflammatory bowel disease
- causes loss of absorptive surface, and poor tissue repair

61
Q

What is Pernicious Anemia ?

A

parietal cells lack intrinsic factor
- lack of absorption of vitamin B12

62
Q

In what part of the small intestine are there more ICC waves/min ?

A

duodenum
- because there is more segmetation here

63
Q

What stimulates the parietal cells to release HCl ?

A

Ach (parasympathetic), gastrin, and histamine

64
Q

What inhibits the parietal cells ?

A

Somatostatin and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

65
Q

What cause the alkaline tide ?

A

HCO3-/Cl- Pumps
- HCO3 absorption (into the bloodstream), and Cl- gets secreted (into the lumen) which creates the tide and raised blood pH

66
Q

What hormone or paracrine agents gets added to the ICC cell’s to stimulate it to make the AP stronger ?

A

gastrin

67
Q

What structure of the colon gives us the strong mass movements ?

A

teniae coli

68
Q

What causes the reversal of the alkaline tide ?

A

2° active transport
- Na+/H+ antiport
- H+ is being pumped out into the bloodstream which neutralizes the tide

Physiology Final (5 decks)

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