Chapter 17 - Supplement - Sheet1 Flashcards by Ernesto Gastelum

Protocol Analyzers

AKA sniffers / network monitors. Uysed to capture packets in their raw format as they cross the network.

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Examples of protocol analyzers

Wireshare, OmniPeek

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Promiscuous Mode

NIC processes all packets that it sees

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Throughput Testers

Usually software based, work much like a protocol analyzer in that they measure traffic, but these measure throughput of that traffic (network speeds)

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Connectivity Software

Designed to allow you to make a connection to a machine, its desktop, and perform any action you could perform while sitting in front of it.

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Traceroute

(AKA trace) displays the path a packet takes to get to a remote device by using IP Packet TTL, time-outs, and ICMP error messages.

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ipconfig / ifconfig

Display the current configuration of TCP/IP on a given workstation. Includes IP, DNS, WINS config and default gateway

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OSes that use ipconfig

New Macs, Windows

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ipconfig /all

ipconfig option that gives you hardware addresses, DHCP lease times, and DNS addresses

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ipconfig /release & ipconfig /renew

Renews the IP address lease, or gets a new one if applicable.

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OSes that use ifconfig

Linxus, Unix, Mac

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ifconfig

ipconfig equivalent. Short for interface configuration

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2 purposes to using the ping utility

To find out if a host is responding OR to find out if you can reach a host

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ping -t

Pings the specified host until stopped

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ping -a

Resolves addresses to hostnames

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ping - n count

Specified the number of echo requests to send. Default is 4. (4 “Reply from…”)

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ping -w timeout

Set the timeout time in milliseconds. Default is 1000, which is 1 second

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ARP

Address Resolutin Protocol. Used to translate TCP/IP addresses to MAC addresses using broadcasts.

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ARP Table

Windows table that includes a list of TCP/IP addresses and their associated physical (MAC) addresses. Cached in memory to reduce the need to perform lookups

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2 Types of Entries in the ARP Table

Dynamic and Static

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Dynamic ARP table entries

Created whenever the Windows TCP/IP stack performs an ARP lookup but the MAC address isn’t found in the ARP table. When MAC address is finally resolved (via Broadcast) that info is added to the table.

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Static ARP table entries

Manually added MAC addresses.

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arp -a

Dispays current ARP entries.

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arp -g

Dispays current ARP entries. Same as arp -a

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arp -a -v

Verbose ARP entries - shows all invalid entires and regular arp -a entries

arp -s [IP Address] [MAC Address]

Add a static entry into the ARP table

Unix's version of nslookup

dig

nslookup

Allows you to query a name server and quickly find out which name resolves to which ip address

Location of hosts table on Windows

C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\

DOS Command to display the PC name

hostname

mtr

AKA My traceroute. Computer program that c ombines the functions of the traceroute and pint utilities in a single network diagnostic tool.

route

Command used to set network routing rules. Usually Windows takes care of this.

netstat

Lists the inbound and outbound conections on your machine. Can also use it to view packet stats and errors

netstat -e

Displays ethernet stats. Combined with -s, displays stats by protocol. Stats are for since the PC has been turned on.

netstat -s

Displays ethernet stats by protocol. Stats are for since the PC has been turned on.

netstat -r

Displays routing table. Same output as route print

netstat -a

Displays all TCP/IP connections and UDP connections

"bytes" in netstat -e tells you

Number of bytes sent or received at this PC's NIC. Good for determining if a network connection is actually transmitting.

"unicast packets" in netstat -e tells you

Number of packets sent from or received at this PC.

"non-unicast packets" in netstat -e tells you

Number of packets that weren't directly sent from a workstation to another. Example: Broadcast packets. Number of non-unicast packets should be smaller than unicase packets.

"discards" in netstat -e tells you

Number of packets discarded by the NIC during transmission or reception b/c they weren't assembled correctly

"unknown protocols" in netstat -e tells you

Number of received packets that the Windows networking stat couldn't interpret. Only in the received column. Certainly it wouldn't send unknown protocols

netstat -s -p

netstat -s but allows you to specify the protocol after the -p switch

-n switch for netstat

Works with other switches. Displays the IP address instead of the hostname

Command to start FTP session in DOS

ftp

Command to open FTP server in FTP mode

open servername.domain.com

Common to quit FTP from DOS

quit

Commands to set file type in FTP mode in dos

ascii, binary

Command to download file in FTP mode from DOS

get filename.exe

Command to download multiple files in FTP mode in dos

mget

Use mget to download all txt files

mget *.txt

At FTP command prompt, how do you navigate to a location on the local machine to position your self to upload a file in that directory?

lcd c:\path\to\directory

FTP command from DOS to upload a file

put local-filename.txt remote-name.txt

Why is it not recommended that you use telnet

Not encrypted. Insecure.

What command can you type from a command prompt to see the hops a packet takes to get to a destination host?

Tracert

What tool would you use to verify a complaint about a slow network?

Throughput tester

You need your IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS information. What command will you type from a Windows command prompt?

ipconfig /all

You need to log in as a dumb terminal to a server or UNIX host and run programs. What application will you use?

Telnet

You need to add a route to your Windows server’s routing table. What command will you use?

route

You want to log in to a server and transfer files. What application will you use?

FTP

You need to check your name-resolution information on your host. What command will you type from the command prompt?

nslookup

You want to use netstat, but you want to see only the IP address, not the names of the hosts. Which modifier will you use?

-n

You want the IP configuration on a UNIX host. What command will you type at the command prompt?

ifconfig

Which Windows command will show you the routing table of your host or server?

route print