Chapter 17: Nutrition Flashcards
Lipids
A group of compounds that include sterols, phospholipids as well as triglycerides (fats and oils).
Carbohydrates
A neutral compound made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Think about starches, sugars, and celluloses. Can usually be used as energy in the human body.
Protein
Multiple amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Help in repairing in building bodily tissue as well as structures. Is involved in the synthesis of enzymes, hormones as well as other regulatory peptides.
Calorie
A scientific unit of energy.
Kilocalorie
1000 calories. The energy required to increase the temperature of 1 L of water by 1°C. When we say calories in everyday speech, we really mean kilocalories.
Nutrition
The process in which we obtain the necessary amount of food for growth and health.
The 8 essential amino acids
Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine
The recommended intake of protein
It Is recommended that inactive adults consume approximately .8 g of protein for every kilogram of body weight.
It Is recommended that athletes consume between 1.2 and 1.4 g of protein for every kilogram of body weight.
It Is recommended that strength athletes get between 1.2 and 1.7 g of protein for every kilogram of body weight.
The recommended amount of daily fiber
It is recommended that adults get approximately 38 g of fiber every day. The minimum recommendation is 25 g per day.
Endurance athletes: Specific recommendations
Overall, when training endurance athletes you need to know that they should be getting more carbohydrates in order to fuel their extreme calorie burning routines. They need this in order to have a built-up storage of glycogen in their liver as well as in their muscles. This will help with recovery time as well as increase their performance overall. Is recommended that they consume between 6 and 10g of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight every day.
The differences between the three types of fatty acids
Monounsaturated: This type of fatty acid increases the good HDL cholesterol and they have exactly one double bond on the carbon chain. Mono refers to one.
Polyunsaturated: Polyunsaturated fats increase the good cholesterol and are made up of essential fatty acids that are not produced by the human body. They have more than one double bond in the carbon chain. The word poly refers to more than one.
Saturated: Responsible for increasing bad LDL cholesterol. Do not have a double bond in the carbon chain. This is why they are referred to as saturated fats.
The functions that lipids have in the human body
- Carriers of vitamins: Lipids are small water-insoluble molecules which make them perfect as a carrier. It acts as a carrier for vitamins such as vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin D, and vitamin A. They are also important for carotene to convert into vitamin A.
- Precursors to hormones.
- Used for cellular signaling.
- Protecting surrounding organs and holding them in place.
- Helps to insulate the body and protects it from temperature changes in the environment.
- It helps to prolong digestive processes by slowing down the secretion of HCl in the stomach.
- Provide the sensation of satiety.
- Cholesterol formation.
- Formation of the membrane lipid layer.
The importance of water and daily intake recommendation
If you are a woman you should be drinking 2.2 L per day. If you are a man you should be drinking 3 L of water per day. If you are trying to lose weight, drink more water. Water is essential for the in the endocrine system, metabolic system and deliver. It also helps to control your bodies temperature as well as blood volume.
The effects of moderate dehydration
- Retention of sodium
- Muscle cramps
- A decrease in blood pressure
- Moderate water retention
- Few tears (or none) when crying
- Lightheadedness and/or dizziness
- A decreased rate of sweat
- Dry skin
- Headache
- Tiredness or sleepiness
- Sticky or dry mouth
The effects of severe dehydration
- Unconsciousness and delirium (extreme cases)
- Basically no urination, dark urine color
- An increase in body temperature
- No apparent tears when crying
- Rapid breathing
- Fast heart rate
- Very low blood pressure
- Very dry skin that will not “bounce back” after pinching
- Eyes that are sunken
- Confusion and irritability
- Intense thirst
