Chapter 17- Male Pathology (Red Terms from Review Videos) Flashcards by Brooke Crandall

abnormal urethral orifice on the ventral side of the penis (MC)

hypospadias

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abnormal urethral orifice on the dorsal side of the penis (rare)

epispadias

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95% of penile neoplasms are…

squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)

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Risks for Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas

uncircumcised, >40 years old, poor hygiene, developing countries, HPV-16 or -18, smoking

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Signs/Symptoms of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas

abnormal texture, failure to heal

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Increase in serous fluid in tunica vaginalis

hydrocele

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_____ will result in elephantiasis

Filariasis

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What percent of newborn males have cryptorchidism?

10% are bilateral

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Cryptorchidism can lead to _____ _____ by age 5-6 years; this will lead to sterility

testicular atrophy

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Cryptorchidism will cause a 3-5x increase risk of ____ ____

testicular cancer

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Inflammation of the epididymis is called…

epididymitis

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Inflammation of the testis is called….

orchitis

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Inflammation of the epididymis or testis commonly begin as…

UTI

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These infections may cause testicular inflammation:

_____ (20%) or _____ (caseous granulomas)

Mumps (20% Orchitis in adult males)

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Signs/Symptoms of testicular torsion = spermatic cord twisting

severe engorgement, acute pain

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Testicular torsion occurring in utero or perinatal

Neonatal torsion

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MC Testicular torsion occurring between age 12-18

Adult torsion

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Deformity leading to adult torsion

bell-clapper deformity

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Testicular neoplasia MC between ages…

15-34 years old

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Risks for testicular neoplasia

History of cryptorchidism in 10% of cases
Family history: brother (8-10x)
Caucasians, CA in contralateral testicle
Gonadal dysgenesis, androgen insensitivity

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Malignant form of testicular neoplasia

Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs)

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Types of germ cell tumors

Seminoma

2. Nonseminomatous GCTs

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Seminomas occur in the age range….

40-50 years

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Seminomas are identifiable by…

lesions: well-demarcated
cells: uniform, round nuclei

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Embryonal carcinoma (a type of Nonseminomatous GCTs) occur in the age range...

20-30 years

Yolk sac tumor (a type of nonseminomatous GCTs) occur at age...

3 years

Choriocarcinoma (a type of nonseminomatous CGTs) is identifiable by...

increase hCG

Teratoma (a type of nonseminomatous GCTs) occurs in the age range...

all ages

Embryonal carcinoma (a type of nonseminomatous GCTs) are identifiable by...

undifferentiated, indistinct borders

Features of testicular cancers are...

MC a painless testicular mass | Non-translucent

____ tend to be well-contained, possibly very large, and radiosensitive

Seminomas

_____ has earlier metastasis (via lymph and heme to liver and lungs), and is less likely palpable

Nonseminomatous GCTs

Carcinomas of the prostate are most likely to develop in the....

peripheral zone

Hyperplasia of the prostate is most likely to occur in the...

transitional zone

4-10% of prostatitis are... | or 2-5% each

bacterial (Acute bacterial 2-5%) (Chronic bacterial 2-5%)

What percent of prostatitis are chronic non-bacterial?

90-95%

Benign hyperplasia of stroma & epithelia of prostate

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia will occur in the... | will appear as....

transitional zone (periurethral): large nodules

Benign prostatic hyperplasia will occur in what demographic and age range?

90% of males at or older than 70 years

What percentage of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients are symptomatic?

10%

Prostate cancer occurs in what percentage of US males?

25%

Age range of prostate cancer

65-75 years old

Virtually all prostate cancers are...

adenocarcinomas

Metastasis of prostate cancer occurs ____ and spreads to _____: _____

occurs late | spreads to axial skeleton: osteoblastic

Hydronephrosis is an....

obstruction of the ureteropelvic jxn

Hydronephrosis occurs in

infants & young children, boys

A _____ will cause severe ureter pain; severe, intermittent flank pain, and pass within 4 weeks

Renal calculus (stone)

_____ is acquired from urethral obstruction. MC small & asymptomatic

Diverticula

_____ is urinary bladder inflammation

Cystitis

7% of cancer diagnoses and 3% of cancer-related deaths are from....

bladder cancer

90% of bladder cancers are...

urothelial carcinomas

Risks for bladder cancer are...

males, industrialized nations, urban environments, age 50-80 years, chronic bladder irritation, smoking, occupational carcinogens

Features of bladder cancer...

painless hematuria

Treatment of bladder cancer..

radical cystectomy, chemotherapy

What disease does Treponema pallidium cause?

Syphilis

What significant shape does Treponema pallidium have?

spirochete

How does transmission of syphilis occur?

mucosal contact

Risks for syphilis

African americans (30x)

What is the microorganism causes gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What diagnostic feature does gonorrhea have?

purulent urethral discharge

What does gonorrhea cause in males?

urethritis, epidiymitis, orchitis, protatitis

What does gonorrhea cause in females?

lower pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, salpingitis | more serious that males

Additional features of gonorrhea

dysuria, urinary frequency, mucopurulent urethral exudate (2-7 days)

What demographic is LESS likely to have obvious signs/symptoms of gonorrhea?

females

_____ can occur in ~3% of females infected with gonorrhea

Disseminated infection

What microorganism causes chlamydia?

Chlamydia trachomatis

This is the MC bacterial STD and reportable to CDC

Chlamydia

What STD has features similar to gonorrhea?

Chlamydia

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

Genital swab, urine sample

+HLA-B27 and reactive arthritis are features of what STD?

Chlamydia

What microorganism causes Trichomoniasis?

Trichomonas vaginalis | "Trich", flagellated protozoan

Features of Trichomoniasis

Vaginitis, urethritis, balanitis

Signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis... | who is MC symptomatic

discharge: yellow/green, purulent, malodorous females: MC symptomatic

Certain serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis may cause...

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Features of lymphogranulmoa venerum (LGV) are....

``` regional lymphadenopathy (1st month) chronic urethritis, granuloma ```

Haemophilus ducreyi causes...

Chancroid

Features of chancroid are..

soft, painful lesions; genital ulcerations

Klebsiella graulomatis causes..

Granuloma inguinale

Features of granuloma inguinale...

chronic inflammatory/ulcerative lesions

Pre-cancerous lesions due to squamous cell proliferations are a feature of...

Human papillomavirus

Which strains of Human papillomavirus are MC...

HPV-6 and HPV-11