Chapter 17: Learning and Memory

Question 0

What is nondeclarative memory?

Answer 0

Memories of “how”, shown by performance rather than recollection; skills such as riding a bike

Question 1

What is declarative memory?

Answer 1

Memory of facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated and described

Question 2

What are the two subtypes of declarative memory?

Answer 2

Semantic and episodic

Question 3

What is semantic memory?

Answer 3

Generalized memory of facts

Question 4

What are the three subtypes of nondeclarative learning?

Answer 4

Skill learning, priming, and conditioning

Question 5

What is episodic memory?

Answer 5

Detailed autobiographical knowledge and memory of events

Question 6

What is skill leaning?

Answer 6

Learning how to perform a task requiring motor coordination

Question 7

What is priming?

Answer 7

The change of stimulus processing due to prior exposure to a stimulus

Question 8

What are the three types of conditioning?

Answer 8

Classical conditioning, conditioned emotional response, and operant (instrumental) conditioning

Question 9

What brain region is involved in classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Cerebellum

Question 10

What brain region is involved in a conditioned emotional response?

Answer 10

Amygdala

Question 11

What brain region is involved in operant (instrumental) conditioning?

Answer 11

Hippocampus

Question 12

What brain region is involved in priming?

Answer 12

The frontal and occipitofrontal cortices

Question 13

What brain region is involved in skill learning?

Answer 13

The basal ganglia

Question 14

What bran region is involved in semantic memory?

Answer 14

Temporal cortex

Question 15

What brain region is involved in episodic memory?

Answer 15

Frontal cortex

Question 16

What is conditioning?

Answer 16

The association of two stimuli, or of a stimulus and a response

Question 17

What are the two types of learning?

Answer 17

Associative and nonassociative

Question 18

What is nonassociative learning?

Answer 18

A single stimulus presented once or repeated

Question 19

What are the two subtypes of nonassociative learning?

Answer 19

Habituation and sensitization

Question 21

What is habituation?

Answer 21

A deceased response to repeated presentations of a stimulus

Question 22

What are the three aspects of memory systems?

Answer 22

Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval

Question 23

What happens in encoding?

Answer 23

Sensory information is captured and converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain

Question 24

What happens in consolidation?

Answer 24

Information that is encoded can be placed in long-term storage

Question 25

What happens in retrieval?

Answer 25

Stored information is recalled

Question 26

What is sensitization?

Answer 26

A prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli

Question 27

What causes Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 27

Thiamine deficiency (which can be seen in chronic alcoholism)

Question 28

What brain region is damaged in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 28

Mammillary bodies of the thalamus

Question 29

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 29

A memory deficiency characterized by confabulation

Question 30

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 30

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience

Question 31

Who first proposed the idea that synaptic alterations are the basis of learning?

Answer 31

Charles Sherrington (1897)

Question 32

What did Donald Hebb propose in 1949?

Answer 32

When a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron repeatedly fire together, the synaptic connection between the two becomes stronger and more stable

Question 33

What is Hebb’s postulate?

Answer 33

Cells that fire together, wire together.

Question 34

What is an engram?

Answer 34

A change in the brain that provides a physical basis for a memory (also called a memory trace)

Question 35

What is another name for non-declarative learning?

Answer 35

Procedural learning

Question 36

What was damaged in HM’s brain to cause memory loss?

Answer 36

A surgery that removed his hippocampus, amygdala, and some cortex

Question 37

What happened to HM after the surgery?

Answer 37

He had severe anterograde amnesia

Question 38

What did HM retain?

Answer 38

His past memories and some procedural learning

Question 39

What did we discover because of HM?

Answer 39

The existence of multiple memory systems

Question 40

What is reconsolidation?

Answer 40

The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storm, after recall

Question 41

What changes in short-term habituation?

Answer 41

Function

Question 42

What changes in long-term habituation?

Answer 42

Structure

Question 43

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 43

A persistent increase in the efficacy (strength) of synapses after a long stimulus

Question 44

Where was LTP first observed?

Answer 44

In Schaffer collaterals of the hippocampus

Question 45

How is CREB activated?

Answer 45

Activated during LTP induction by protein kinase and signaling

Question 46

What is CREB and what does it do?

Answer 46

Transcription factor that induce transcription of genes that change structure/function of neurons; CREB activation necessary for long-term memory

Question 47

Evidence 1 that LTP is a mechanism of memory formation:

Answer 47

The time course of LTP is the same as memory formation.

Question 48

Evidence 2 that LTP is a mechanism of memory formation:

Answer 48

Drug and genetic interventions that block/enhance LTP have similar function on learning and memory

Question 49

Evidence 3 that LTP is a mechanism of memory formation:

Answer 49

Learning a new task produces the same cellular changes that are produced by LTP.