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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 16: Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Psychopathology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the brand name for fluoxetine?

A

Prozac

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1
Q

What is the brand name for sertraline?

A

Zoloft

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2
Q

What is the chemical name of Zoloft?

A

Sertraline

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3
Q

What is the chemical name of Prozac?

A

Fluoxetine

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4
Q

What are the three main types of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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5
Q

What is one major side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

Recent memory loss

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6
Q

The dexamethasone suppression test detects lowered activity in what brain region?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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7
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, fear of persecution, disordered thought processes, and bizarre behaviors

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8
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia, reduced motivation, poor focus, alogia, catatonia

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9
Q

What is the best treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A

Bright light therapy (especially blue light)

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10
Q

Which gender is more likely to be affected by SAD, and by what factor?

A

Women are four times as likely to experience SAD than men

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A

Talkativeness, grandiosity, increased energy

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12
Q

Which has a worse prognosis for bipolar: rapid-cycling or slow-cycling?

A

The more rapid the cycle, the worse the prognosis

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13
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Poor executive functioning, inability to sustain attention, problems with working memory

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14
Q

What is the heritability of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

A

48%

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15
Q

What is the heritability of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives?

A

12-13%

16
Q

What is the heritability of schizophrenia in second-degree relatives?

A

4-5%

17
Q

What is the heritability of schizophrenia if there is no or distant relation?

A

1-2%

18
Q

What is the Mirsky and Duncan model of schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia risk is an interplay between environmental stressors and genes that predispose an individual

19
Q

What is prepulse inhibition?

A

Normal decease of a startle response to a sudden stimulus when it is preceded <500 msec by a weaker stimulus

20
Q

What is prepulse inhibition (PPI) thought to reflect?

A

Sensorimotor gating function

21
Q

What happens to PPI in schizophrenia patients?

A

It’s reduced or altered

22
Q

What genes have been associated with schizophrenia?

A

DISC 1, neuregulin, dysbindin, and COMT

23
Q

What is mutation of the DISC 1 gene associated with?

A

Enlarged ventricles and cellular disorganization of the hippocampus

24
Q

What are the anatomical correlates of schizophrenia?

A

Disorganized hippocampal neurons, enlarged ventricles, and hypofrontality

25
Q

What is the function of typical neuroleptics?

A

Block the dopamine D2 receptor

26
Q

What are two typical neuroleptics?

A

Haloperidol and chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

27
Q

What are typical neuroleptics best at treating in schizophrenics?

A

Positive symptoms

28
Q

What is the function of atypical neuroleptics?

A

Act on the D2 and serotonin receptors

29
Q

What’s an example of an atypical neuroleptic?

A

Clozapine

30
Q

What are atypical neuroleptics best at treating in schizophrenics?

A

Positive and negative symptoms

31
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

Psychotic episodes are triggered by activation of dopamine receptors (amphetamine psychosis)

32
Q

What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

Diminished activity of NMDA receptors, possibly caused by a missing subunit

33
Q

What are the symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Unhappy mood, difficulty concentrating, restless agitation, loss of interests, energy, and appetite

34
Q

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

A

Fluctuations between depressed mood and mania (euphoric positive mood)

35
Q

What happens to the HPA axis during depression?

A

Cortisol levels are increased due to impaired negative feedback (dexamethasone suppression is impaired)

36
Q

What happens to sleep patterns during depression?

A

Patients go directly into REM sleep, have frequent awakenings, and spend very little time in stages 3 and 4 SWS

37
Q

What are some non-pharmaceutical treatments for unipolar depression?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), deep brain stimulation, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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