Chapter 16: Psychopathology Flashcards by Kyle McDaniel

What is the brand name for fluoxetine?

Prozac

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What is the brand name for sertraline?

Zoloft

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What is the chemical name of Zoloft?

Sertraline

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What is the chemical name of Prozac?

Fluoxetine

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What are the three main types of antidepressants?

Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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What is one major side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Recent memory loss

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The dexamethasone suppression test detects lowered activity in what brain region?

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, fear of persecution, disordered thought processes, and bizarre behaviors

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What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia, reduced motivation, poor focus, alogia, catatonia

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What is the best treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

Bright light therapy (especially blue light)

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Which gender is more likely to be affected by SAD, and by what factor?

Women are four times as likely to experience SAD than men

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What are the symptoms of mania?

Talkativeness, grandiosity, increased energy

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Which has a worse prognosis for bipolar: rapid-cycling or slow-cycling?

The more rapid the cycle, the worse the prognosis

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What are the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Poor executive functioning, inability to sustain attention, problems with working memory

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What is the heritability of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

48%

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What is the heritability of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives?

12-13%

What is the heritability of schizophrenia in second-degree relatives?

4-5%

What is the heritability of schizophrenia if there is no or distant relation?

1-2%

What is the Mirsky and Duncan model of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia risk is an interplay between environmental stressors and genes that predispose an individual

What is prepulse inhibition?

Normal decease of a startle response to a sudden stimulus when it is preceded <500 msec by a weaker stimulus

What is prepulse inhibition (PPI) thought to reflect?

Sensorimotor gating function

What happens to PPI in schizophrenia patients?

It’s reduced or altered

What genes have been associated with schizophrenia?

DISC 1, neuregulin, dysbindin, and COMT

What is mutation of the DISC 1 gene associated with?

Enlarged ventricles and cellular disorganization of the hippocampus

What are the anatomical correlates of schizophrenia?

Disorganized hippocampal neurons, enlarged ventricles, and hypofrontality

What is the function of typical neuroleptics?

Block the dopamine D2 receptor

What are two typical neuroleptics?

Haloperidol and chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

What are typical neuroleptics best at treating in schizophrenics?

Positive symptoms

What is the function of atypical neuroleptics?

Act on the D2 and serotonin receptors

What's an example of an atypical neuroleptic?

Clozapine

What are atypical neuroleptics best at treating in schizophrenics?

Positive and negative symptoms

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Psychotic episodes are triggered by activation of dopamine receptors (amphetamine psychosis)

What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Diminished activity of NMDA receptors, possibly caused by a missing subunit

What are the symptoms of unipolar depression?

Unhappy mood, difficulty concentrating, restless agitation, loss of interests, energy, and appetite

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Fluctuations between depressed mood and mania (euphoric positive mood)

What happens to the HPA axis during depression?

Cortisol levels are increased due to impaired negative feedback (dexamethasone suppression is impaired)

What happens to sleep patterns during depression?

Patients go directly into REM sleep, have frequent awakenings, and spend very little time in stages 3 and 4 SWS

What are some non-pharmaceutical treatments for unipolar depression?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), deep brain stimulation, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)