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Biology > Chapter 17: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Gene Expression Flashcards

This deck is designed to aid you in understanding the processes that occur in gene expression/protein synthesis.

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is gene expression/protein synthesis?

A

Is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, hence why it can also be called protein synthesis

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2
Q

What is a protein?

A

Is a naturally occurring, complex substance that consists of amino acid molecules joined by special connections called peptide bonds/amide bonds

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3
Q

Where can proteins be found? Name some types.

A

Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential biological compounds, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

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4
Q

What are the two parts of gene expression in order?

A

Transcription

Translation

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5
Q

Explain the central dogma of (molecular) biology.

A

DNA will be used to create RNA via transcription. RNA will be used to create proteins via translation.

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6
Q

What is transcription?

A

Is the process of making an mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) copy from a DNA gene sequence; occurs inside the nucleus

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7
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Pre-mRNA
mRNA
tRNA

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8
Q

What is the first step of transcription?

A

In the nucleus, a segment of DNA that codes for a specific gene is unwound

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9
Q

What is the second step of transcription?

A

One of the two strands of DNA will be the template strand

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10
Q

What is the template strand?

A

Refers to the specific strand of DNA that will be replicated [transcribed] into RNA

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11
Q

What is the third step of transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase travels along the template strand and creates the pre-mRNA

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12
Q

What is RNA Polymerase?

A

An enzyme

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13
Q

What is the fourth step of transcription?

A

Pre-mRNA is then modified, still in the nucleus, and converted to mRNA

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14
Q

Is it true that a strand is classified as mRNA only once it has been modified and is ready to leave the nucleus?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What does thymine change into during the process of transcription?

A

Urasil (U)

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16
Q

What is the nontemplate strand also called?

A

Coding strand

17
Q

How can you tell the difference between DNA and RNA?

A 
DNA:
-generally double-stranded
-has thymine instead of uracil
RNA:
-generally single-stranded
-has uracil instead of thymine
18
Q

What are the few exceptions to the general structure of DNA and RNA in organisms?

A

Viruses

19
Q

What is a translation?

A

Is the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

20
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A

Once the mRNA strand has left the nucleus, it enters the cytoplasm and will eventually connect to a ribosome

21
Q

What is the second step of translation?

A

Once the mRNA strand attaches to the ribosome, the ribosome “reads” the nucleotide sequence three (3) nucleotides at a time; each three nucleotide sequence is called a codon and the first codon is the start codon

22
Q

What is the third step of translation?

A

The mRNA will continue to be read by the ribosome until a stop codon is reached

23
Q

What is the fourth step of translation?

A

As the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome as well; each tRNA molecule comes with a specific amino acid that pairs with a specific codon from the amino acid

24
Q

What is the fifth step of translation?

A

The amino acid chain (also called a polypeptide chain) folds itself into different shapes, resulting in a protein

25
Q

What is the A site?

A

Where the tRNA enters the ribosome

26
Q

What is the P site?

A

Where the amino acid chain grows

27
Q

What is the E site?

A

Where the tRNA exits

28
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three nucleotides on the mRNA

29
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

The three complementary nucleotides on the tRNA; the tRNA’s anticodon needs to match with the codon from the mRNA

30
Q

What is the usual start codon?

A

AUG, or

Methionine (M or Met)

31
Q

What are the usual stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

Biology (11 decks)

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