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Fire Everything > Chapter 17 Fire Control > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Fire Control Flashcards

1
Q

In order of importance, three priorities

A

Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

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2
Q

Offensive factors

A

Value
Time
Size

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3
Q

Defensive if:

A 
No threat to occupant life 
Occupants aren’t savable 
Property isn’t salvageable 
Lack of resources 
Risk of collapse 
Anything that endangers lives
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4
Q

Three priorities

A

Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation

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5
Q

Offensive strategy considerations

A

Value - saving lives or property
Time - Is there enough time, will conditions change, building collapse etc
Size - Are there people and equipment/water resources available

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6
Q

Defensive strategy

A

Can’t save anyone or building, lack of resources, danger of collapse, unfavourable wind conditions
Intended to isolate incident, keep it from expanding
Generally exterior
OHSA has two in two out regulation

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7
Q

Transitions

A

More common less dangerous is defensive to offensive
Offensive to defensive usually from rapid change in conditions
Offensive to defensive requires PAR
Don’t abandon hose line unless absolutely necessary (during tactical withdrawal)
RIT should be prepared to help people withdraw

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8
Q

Small diameter hoseline SDH

A

3/4 inch to 2 inches or 20-50mm

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9
Q

Backup hoseline

A

Must be placed at same time as primary. Should be same size as primary. Should be fog nozzle for protection with cone if needed
Backup serves to
Protect attack hoseline from extreme fire behaviour
Protect means of egress
Provide additional suppression capability if needed
Textbook says fog nozzle in general is the best

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10
Q

Entering

A

Make sure you have TIC, tools, charged line with pattern checked and air bled
Watch for smoke out air in
Check for heat with TIC hand or spraying water on door
Open door slightly, spray and wait 5-10 seconds to see what happens
Have rope or something on the door to close quickly if needed

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11
Q

Attacking from unburned side

A

Thoroughly disproved
Greater heat release rates of modern buildings with increased effect from wind on fire expansion and development
Attack with wind at your back

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12
Q

Direct attack

A

Directly on to burning fuel or onto ceilings and walls

Don’t use so much it drops thermal layer

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13
Q

Indirect attack

A

Made from the outside
It makes floor to ceiling one temp
Aim at ceiling with fog stream

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14
Q

Combination

A

Make a Z O or T shape with nozzle attacking fire and ceiling

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15
Q

Shielded fire

A

You cannot see from the doorway because it is located in a remote part of the structure
Use gas cooling - short bursts of water fog into gas layer, stops pyrolysis and what not. Length of pulse depends on size of space. You want to cool gas itself not the ceiling

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16
Q

Upper level fires

A

Newer buildings typically have protected standpipe
If not protected start one floor below to hook up
If using elevator, typically only 2 floors below fire as staging area
Watch for overhead risks like fallings debris and glass
Evac and hauling equipment in high rises can be resource heavy

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17
Q

Residential basements

A

Unfinished floor joists will fail sooner
Drop in tiles add minimal fire resistance and add to fuel load
Lightweight construction materials prone to collapse possible
Sounding and TIC are not sufficient to ensure integrity
Enclosed stairwells act as a chimney for heat and smoke
Need enough hoseline plus 6-8 feet

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18
Q

Jet fuel must burn less than

A

538C

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19
Q

Exposure

A

Any unaffected area
Interior protection is closing doors and using ventilation, passive forms are fire rated walls and doors
Exterior exposure protection is typically wetting buildings/moving anything out of the way

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20
Q

Utilities

A

Never turn them back on
Never remove meter box
Only meter box shutoff can shut off all power
Never touch service mast (pole that connects power to building) in older buildings fuses would blow connecting wires to mast
If backup generator is in building then main box won’t necessarily cut all power
Solar panels are always charged

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21
Q

High low voltage

A

High excess of 600 volts

Low less than 600, usually 120 or less

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22
Q

Natural gas

A

Pure form is methane with flammability range of 5-15 percent is nontoxic
Natural gas lighter than air, also nontoxic but is an asphyxiant
Mercaptan added
Some emergency generators run off natural gas
Meter can be inside or outside
1/4 turn tang

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23
Q

LPG

A

butane and propane (plus others)
Propane also has no odour, mercaptan added, nontoxic asphyxiant
1.5-10 percent for explosive concentration
LPG leaks will give visible cloud the hugs ground - fog stream of 400lpm will dissipate this cloud

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24
Q

Water connections

A

1/4 turn tang
Electrical ground may be connected to water pipes
May need special tool for commercial
Sprinkler control valves are electronically monitored or physically secured shut
Never shut off sprinklers until fire under control and IC says so

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25
Q

Class C fires

A

Turn off power, then they are class A or B. Sometimes extinguish themselves with power cut. Lockout/tagout so power doesn’t get turned back on.
If water MUST be used, fog or spray stream
Greater than 40 volts is potentially dangerous
Dry chem may wreck equipment - halotron instead

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26
Q

Master stream

A

Gotta shut it off to move the whole thing so position carefully
Aim so its angled at roof and deflects off
Big fires position it so it can be adjusted without moving to hit large amounts of building
Most effective exposure prevention is wetting the building itself, if can’t cuz its something like a bunch of trees water curtain works. Needs compact water droplets to stop radiant heat

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27
Q

Transformers

A

Older ones contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Assume they all do (carcinogenic and flammable). Even if labeled it doesn’t have any, can have up to 49ppm.
Use dry chem or CO2 for ground level transformers.
Allow pole top transformers to burn, let utility company knock it out with dry chem from aerial - may consider extinguishing pole itself to prevent it from falling

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28
Q

Class C fires

A

Turn off power, then they are class A or B. Sometimes extinguish themselves with power cut. Lockout/tagout so power doesn’t get turned back on.

29
Q

Commercial high voltage

A

Don’t use water even with fog cuz of damage to equipment

Search with back of hand to avoid grabbing and sticking to something if electrocuted

30
Q

Transformers

A

Older ones contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Assume they all do (carcinogenic and flammable). Even if labeled it doesn’t have any, can have up to 49ppm.
Use dry chem or CO2 for ground level transformers.
Allow pole top transformers to burn, let utility company knock it out with dry chem from aerial - may consider extinguishing pole itself to prevent it from falling

31
Q

Underground transmission lines

A

stay 300ft 91m away

Backdraft conditions high in underground vaults

32
Q

Commercial high voltage

A

Don’t use water even with fog cuz of damage to equipment

Search with back of hand to avoid grabbing and sticking to something if electrocuted

33
Q

Guidelines to electrical emergencies

A

Short circuit could have weakened other lines which may fall
Use approved tools with insulated handles
Wait for power to be cut
10ft away from overhead lines raising equipment
Fog streams with at least 700kPa
May need to be up to 150ft away from downed powerlines
Shuffle or hop

34
Q

NFPA 1971

A

Standard on protective ensembles for structural firefighting and proximity fire fighting

35
Q

Passenger compartment fire

A

If need to get in break window

Use medium fog

36
Q

Fire vehicle attack

A

45 degree angle to avoid exploding shit
Hoseline between exposures and vehicle
All clear when occupants out
Passenger compartment first then ground then exposures
Minimum 360lpm
If metal itself is on fire use class D, water fine if not.

37
Q

Car engine fires

A

hose stream through grill or hood scoop

Penetrating nozzle through hood fenders or wheel wells

38
Q

Passenger compartment fire

A

If need to get in break window

Use medium fog

39
Q

Alternative fuel vehicles

A

Badging to identify what fuel is not necessary
Park apparutus 30m away min
Approach from uphill upwind 45 degree angle
Do not use flares? Lol dumb textbook

40
Q

Natural gas cars

A

CNG - compressed natural gas
Burns clean, high-ignition temp, narrow explosive range, nontoxic noncorrosive lighter than air stored under pressure
Government, utility, refuse, busses most likely to be CNG or LNG (liquified natural gas)
May have fuel tank shutoff, fuel tanks will splode
Consider allowing fuel to burn itself down
LNG stored at -162C
Frost on tank of LNG indicates tank failure
LNG use purple k or high expansion foam and sand or dirt to stop it entering drains

41
Q

LPG liquified petroleum gas cars

A 
Most common after gas and diesel 
Also no odor
Stored under pressure
Expands 1.5X for every 10 degrees increase in temp
Can BLEVE because of this 
Cool top of tank
42
Q

Hydrogen cars

A 
4-75% flammability range
Self ignites at 287.7C
Invisible flame during the day
Vented fuel cell in the trunk
C-posts contain vents - don't cut in extrication 
Don't extinguish this
43
Q

Ethanol/methanol

A

Water soluble, electrically conductive with slight gas odor
Burn bright blue and may not be able to see in daytime
50% of gas is ethanol blend in US
Need AR foam such as AR AFFF
Request hazmat for fire or leak

44
Q

Biodiesel

A

Blend from natural plants and diesel
Yellow liquid odour of cooking oil
Flash point 130C
Use dry chem CO2 water fog or foam

45
Q

Clandestine drug labs

A

Bad chemicals
Booby traps
Weird wiring - often illegaly tapped into nearby buildings

46
Q

Three main infuelnces on ground cover fire behaviour

A

Fuel, weather, topography - weather most significant

47
Q

Names of ground cover fire

A

Origin is… the origin
Head is the fastest growing part - usually in direction wind is blowing - usually key is attacking head and preventing new heads
Fingers are narrow long strips extending from main fire - can form new heads - typically light fuel
Heel - fire side opposite head, usually against the win and downhill and easy to control
Islands - patches of unburnt fuel inside perimeter

48
Q

Topography

A

Burn faster uphill
Faster on southern exposures (in northern hemisphere due to sunlight)
Steep ravines can cause turbulent updrafts creating a chimney effect, fires in these areas can grow extremely fast

49
Q

Names of ground cover fire

A

Origin is… the origin
Head is the fastest growing part - usually in direction wind is blowing - usually key is attacking head and preventing new heads
Fingers are narrow long strips extending from main fire - can form new heads - typically light fuel
Heel - fire side opposite head, usually against the win and downhill and easy to control
Islands - patches of unburnt fuel inside perimeter

50
Q

NFPA 1977

A

Wildland firefighting

51
Q

NFPA 1500

A 
Fire department OH and S 
For ground cover fire states
Helmet with eye protection and neck shroud
Flame retardant shirt pants or jumpsuit
Sturdy boots WITHOUT steel toes
Gloves
Fire shelter in crush resistant case
52
Q

Fusee

A

A friction match with a large head capable of burning in the wind

53
Q

Non fire wildand hazards

A

Unstable trees, animals, insects, electrified fences, power lines, explosives, haz mat, rolling or falling debris, pits or shafts, animal traps
Heart failure # 1 cause of death in wildland

54
Q

RECEO-VS

A 
Rescue
Exposures
Confinement 
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Salvage
55
Q

Incident priorities for any emergency

A

Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

56
Q

RECEO-VS

A 
Rescue
Exposures
Confinement 
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Salvage
57
Q

Typical search priorities

A

Most severely threatened
Area with largest number threatened
Remainder of fire area
Exposures

58
Q

Blitz attack

A

Aggresively attack a fire from exterior with large diameter (65mm or bigger) fire stream

59
Q

Typical search priorities

A

Most severely threatened
Area with largest number threatened
Remainder of fire area
Exposures

60
Q

Underground spaces

A 
All equipment needs to be intrinically safe for use in flammable atmospheres
O2 deficiences 
Flammable and toxic gasses
Temp extremes
Explosive dust
Limited means of entry and egress
Cave ins or unstable support members
Standing water or other liquids
Utility hazards
Increased heat means more O2 consumption and faster fatigue
61
Q

Flash point

A

Under 38C is flammable (gas and acetone) over is combustible (kerosene vege oil)
Further divided into hydrocarbons (dont mix with water) and polar solvents) do mix with water

62
Q

Underground spaces

A 
All equipment needs to be intrinically safe for use in flammable atmospheres
O2 deficiences 
Flammable and toxic gasses
Temp extremes
Explosive dust
Limited means of entry and egress
Cave ins or unstable support members
Standing water or other liquids
Utility hazards
Increased heat means more O2 consumption and faster fatigue
63
Q

Flash point

A

Under 38C is flammable over is combustible

64
Q

Liquid fires

A

Dont step in pool of it
Unburned vapours usually heavier than air and form pools or pockets of gas in low areas
Consider all ignition sources (tools vehicles smoking materials electrical fixtures)
Assume relief valve cannot keep up to extreme temps
Foam is most common method to extinguish

65
Q

Water for class B

A

Not good for lighter petroleum or alcohols
Okay for heavier oils like raw crude
Above level of contained liquid for cooling
Can use water to move liquid fires and vapours
2000LPM per flame impingenment on tanks (solid stream)
If need to advance have a backupline with separate water source and pump

66
Q

Non water based

A

Coal plants, aircraft hangars, and large cargo vessels
Can be CO2, clean agent, dry and wet chem
Must wear SCBA
Have a hoseline

67
Q

Water for class B

A

Not good for lighter petroleum or alcohols
Okay for heavier oils like raw crude
Above level of contained liquid for cooling
Can use water to move liquid fires and vapours
2000LPM per flame impingenment on tanks (solid stream)
If need to advance have a backupline with separate water source and pump

68
Q

Transport fires

A

Wheels may fail and cause fuel to shift
Careful of traffic
Limited water supply

69
Q

Gas pipes

A

Presures range from 7000 kPa to 2 kPa
Usually below 350kPa in local distribution piping
Liquid natrual gas is subject to BLEVE
Protect exposures, shut off gas, do not extinguish

Fire Everything (14 decks)

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