Chapter 17: Cerebral Palsy

Question 1

progression of atypical movement patterns

Answer 1

• decreased ability to control coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles (difficulty maintaining normal posture)
• impaired reciprocal innervation of agonist and antagonist muscles
• development of compensations and atypical movement patterns (use of reflexive movements early on)

Question 2

PRIMARY impairments

Answer 2

• direct result of a lesion in the cerebral cortex of the CNS that is non progressive
• CNS damage occurs prenatally, perinatally, or within the first 2 years of life
• not hereditary, progressive, or contagious
• delayed progression of motor development skills

Question 3

SECONDARY impairments

Answer 3

• those that occur in the systems/ organs over time due to the effects of one or more of the primary impairments
  
  • abnormal tone causing: poor alignment across a joint, further weakness, muscle contractures, poor body alignment
• impaired initiation of movement
• repetition of atypical movement patterns
• impaired coactivation

Question 4

PRENATAL risk factors or causes

Answer 4

• genetic disorders
• maternal health factors
• teratogenic agents

Question 5

PERINATAL risk factors or causes

Answer 5

• prenatal conditions
• premature detachment of the placenta
• medical problems associated with prematurity
• multiple births

Question 6

POSTNATAL risk factors or causes

Answer 6

• degenerative diseases
• infections
• alcohol/ drug intoxication during breastfeeding
• anoxic ischemic encephalopathy
• trauma

Question 7

postural mechanism

Answer 7

• normal muscle tone
• normal postural tone
• integration of primitive reflex movement patterns
• righting, equilibrium, and protective extension reactions
• intentional, voluntary movements against the forces of gravity
• ability to combine movement patterns in the performance of functional activities
• children with CP lack coordination of maintaining posture while moving and are often off balance

Question 8

common problems of motor development in children with CP

Answer 8

• abnormal muscle tone
• persistence of primitive reflexes
• atypical righting, equilibrium, and protective reactions
• poor sensory processing
• joint hypermobility
• muscle weakness and poor muscle contraction
• delays in development of motor skills and adaptive fun
• decreased exploration of the environment

Question 9

reflex-hierarchical models

Answer 9

purposeful movement initiated only when one experiences the need to move
- motor development is “wired”
- infant’s first movements reflect lower level brain centers (brainstem) before cortical brain functions mature
- repetition necessary for motor learning

Question 10

dynamic systems model

Answer 10

• postural control influences by an individuals volitional and functional daily tasks and activities
• must understand external and internal forces that affect movement
• posture is anticipatory to the initiation of movement
• interaction among body systems cooperatively to achieve a desired movement goal
• feed forward (anticipatory postural reactions)
• randomized practice is best for learning