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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 17 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood has viscous characteristic because of its [?] elements

A

Formed

RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets

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2
Q

Which part of the blood carries electrolytes, plasma protiens, nitrogenous substances, nutrients, gases, and hormones?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

There are three blood regulations for the body name two.

Here’s a given: Maintaing appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss.

A
  1. Maintaining normal pH - Many blood proteins and other bloodborne solutes act as buffers to prevent excessive changes in blood.
  2. Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system - Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss from the blood-stream intot tissue spaces. as a result, the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient blood circulation to all parts of the body.
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4
Q

Blood has protective functions such as preventing blood loss and preventing…

A

Infection.

Drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells, which help defend the body against foreign susbtances such as bacteria and viruses.

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5
Q

Which plasma protein makes up 60% of plasma proteins?

Albumin

Globulins

Fibrinogen

A

Albumin

60% of plasma proteins; produced by the liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure, carrier of other molecules, and blood buffer.

Osmotic pressure = th epressure that helps keep water in the bloodstream.

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6
Q

Out of the formed elements, which are the two that aren’t true cells.

A

RBC’s and platelets

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7
Q

Which molecule in a RBC that binds to and transports respiratory gases?

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

Most blood cells do not divide

True/False

A

True.

Stem cells divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them. Thus, most cells originate from red bone marrow.

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9
Q

Which protein makes red blood cells red, and binds easily and reversibly with oxygen?

A

Heme

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10
Q

Red heme pigment bound to the protein globin makes what protein?

A

Hemoglobin.

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11
Q

Globin consists of four polypeptide chains, called:

A

Alpha chains (2)

Beta chains (2)

Each binding a ringlike heme group.

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12
Q

Each heme group bears an atom of [?]

A

Iron.

Which binds directly with oxygen.

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13
Q

A hemoglobin molecule can transport how many molecules of oxygen because of each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen.

A

Four molecules of oxygen.

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14
Q

When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin, now called:

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

Oxygen detaches from iron, hemoglobin resumes its former shape, and the resulting name:

A

deoxyhemoglobin (reduced hemoglobin)

becomes dark red.

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16
Q

20% of carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin forming a complex named:

A

carbaminohemoglobin

It binds to globin’s amino acid instead of the heme group.

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17
Q

Formation of all blood cells is known as

A

Hematopoiesis

this occurs in the red bone marrow.

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18
Q

The various formed elements have different functions, but there are similarities in their life histories. All arise form the [?] cell

A

Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

The undifferentiated precursor cells reside in the red bone marrow. however, the maturation pathways of the various formed elements differ, and once a cell is committed to a specific blood cell pathway, it cannot change. New blood cells enter the blood via sinusoids.

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19
Q

Erythropoiesis:

A

Erythrocyte production

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20
Q

Stages of erythropoiesis:

Hematopoietic stem cell -> ? -> Basophilic erythroblast -> ? -> Orthochromatic erythroblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte

A

Proerythroblast / Polychromatic erythroblast

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21
Q

When an [?] erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it ejects most of its organelles.

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast

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22
Q

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on Dietary requirements and [?]

A

Hormonal controls

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23
Q

Tissue hypoxia

A

Too few erythrocytes causing oxygen deprivation

24
Q

Having too many erythrocytes causes undesirably [?] (Thick, sticky)

A

Viscous

25
Q

Blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism:

Anemia

Polycythemia

A

Anemia

Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills are the symptoms. Causes: Blood loss, not enough RBC’s produced, and too many RBC’s being destroyed.

26
Q

For iron-deficiency anemia RBCs produced are called [?]. they are small, pale in color and cannot synthesize hemoglobin because there is a lack of iron.

Microcytes

Macrocytes

A

Microcytes

27
Q

Pernicious anemia: Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factors which are needed to absorb B-12 (which is needed to help RBC’s to divide. Without B-12, RBC’s enlarge but cannot divide, resulting in cells called [?]

Microcytes

Macrocytes

A

Macrocytes

28
Q

Which anemia is considered autoimmune?

Iron-deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

A

Pernicious anemia

autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factors that are needed to absorb b-12

29
Q

Thalassemias and Sickle-cell anemia are in which anemia category:

Iron-deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

Hemolytic anemias

A

Hemolytic anemias

Thalassemias: RBC’s are thin and delicate

Sickle-cell anemia are deformed in deoxygenated state.

People who have only one traight (heterozygous) for sickle-cell become malaria resistant!

30
Q

Abnormal excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity, causing sluggish blood flow:

Anemia

Polycythemia

A

Polycythemia

31
Q

Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBC’s

Iron-deficiency anemia

Polycythemia vera

Hemolytic anemia

A

Polycythemia

32
Q

Secondary polycythemia is caused by low oxygen levels or increased EPO production. This can be caused by high/low altitude.

A

High altitude

33
Q

Heme is degraded to yellow pigment called:

Bilirubin

Urobilinogen

Sterobilin

A

Bilirubin

34
Q

Live secretes bilirubin (in bile) into intestines, where it is degraded to pigement

Urobilinogen

Stercobilin

A

Urobilinogen

35
Q

Urobilinogen is transformed into brown pigment:

Bilirubin

Stercobilin

A

Stercobilin

Leaves the body in via feces.

36
Q

Used when only blood loss is rapid and substantial

Whole-blood transfusions

Packed red blood cells

A

Whole blood transfusions

37
Q

Anything that is perceived foreign:

Antigen

Antibody

A

Antigen

RBC’s antigens are known as agglutinogens

38
Q

Name the three granuloctyes.

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Lobed rather than circular nuclei.

All phagocytic to a degree.

39
Q

List the two agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

40
Q

Which granulocyte stains with acid and basic dyes, contains hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins called defensins?

A

Neutrophils

Kills mirobes by a process caleed respiratory burst

41
Q

Which granulocyte contains digestive enzymes that release on parasitic worms and also plays a role in allergices and asthma?

A

Eosinophils

42
Q

Which agranuloctye has two types and one acts against virus-infected / tumor cells, and the other give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

A

Lymphocytes

T-cells: Act against virus-infected/tumor cells

B-cells: Give rise to plasma cels, which produce antibodies

43
Q

Which granulocyte that it’s granules contain histamine, an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites?

A

Basophils

44
Q

Which agranulocyte has the ability to leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages against viruses, bacterial parasites, chronic infections?

A

Monocytes

Also the largest WBC

45
Q

Overproduction of abnormal WBC’s are leukemias and:

Infectious mononucleosis

Leukopenia

A

Infectious mononucleosis

46
Q

Abnormally low WBC count:

Leukemia

Infectious mononucleosis

Leukopenia

A

Leukopenia

47
Q

A cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC’s and named according to abnormal WBC clone involved.

Leukemia

Leukopenia

A

Leukemia

48
Q

Which leukocyte disorder is considered the kissing disease?

Leukopenia

Infectious mononucleosis

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Viral disease

49
Q

Megakaryocytes are also which formed element?

A

platelets

50
Q

Which formed elements contains several chemicals involved in clotting process?

A

Platelets

51
Q

Circulating platelets are kept (active/inactive) and mobile by nitric oxide (NO) and prostcyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels.

A

Inactive

52
Q

Step 1. Vascular spasm

Step 2. Platelet plug formation

Step 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

What is the name for this series of steps?

A

Hemostasis

Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding.

53
Q

Which step responds to injury with vasoconstriction and is triggered by direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets, and pain reflexes. Also this step is most effective in smaller blood vessels. It can signifcantly reduce blood flow until other mechanisms can kick in.

Vascular spasm.

Platelet plug.

Coagulation

A

Step 1. Vascular spasm

54
Q

Which step is when platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged. platelets do not stick to intact vessel walls because collagen is not exposed. Also, prostacylcins and nitric oxide secreted by endothelial cells act to prevent platelet sticking.

A

Step 2. Platelet plug formation

55
Q

Causes more platelets to stick and release their contents.

ADP

Serotinin

Thromboxane A2

A

ADP

56
Q

Enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation.

ADP

Serotonin and thromboxane A2

A

Serotinin and Thromboxane A2

57
Q

Which step has a series of reactions using clotting factors (procoagulants), mostly consisting of plasma proteins.

A

Step 3. Coagulation

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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