Chapter 17 - Blood Flashcards
Blood has viscous characteristic because of its [?] elements
Formed
RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets
Which part of the blood carries electrolytes, plasma protiens, nitrogenous substances, nutrients, gases, and hormones?
Plasma
There are three blood regulations for the body name two.
Here’s a given: Maintaing appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss.
- Maintaining normal pH - Many blood proteins and other bloodborne solutes act as buffers to prevent excessive changes in blood.
- Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system - Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss from the blood-stream intot tissue spaces. as a result, the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient blood circulation to all parts of the body.
Blood has protective functions such as preventing blood loss and preventing…
Infection.
Drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells, which help defend the body against foreign susbtances such as bacteria and viruses.
Which plasma protein makes up 60% of plasma proteins?
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Albumin
60% of plasma proteins; produced by the liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure, carrier of other molecules, and blood buffer.
Osmotic pressure = th epressure that helps keep water in the bloodstream.
Out of the formed elements, which are the two that aren’t true cells.
RBC’s and platelets
Which molecule in a RBC that binds to and transports respiratory gases?
Hemoglobin
Most blood cells do not divide
True/False
True.
Stem cells divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them. Thus, most cells originate from red bone marrow.
Which protein makes red blood cells red, and binds easily and reversibly with oxygen?
Heme
Red heme pigment bound to the protein globin makes what protein?
Hemoglobin.
Globin consists of four polypeptide chains, called:
Alpha chains (2)
Beta chains (2)
Each binding a ringlike heme group.
Each heme group bears an atom of [?]
Iron.
Which binds directly with oxygen.
A hemoglobin molecule can transport how many molecules of oxygen because of each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen.
Four molecules of oxygen.
When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin, now called:
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen detaches from iron, hemoglobin resumes its former shape, and the resulting name:
deoxyhemoglobin (reduced hemoglobin)
becomes dark red.
20% of carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin forming a complex named:
carbaminohemoglobin
It binds to globin’s amino acid instead of the heme group.
Formation of all blood cells is known as
Hematopoiesis
this occurs in the red bone marrow.
The various formed elements have different functions, but there are similarities in their life histories. All arise form the [?] cell
Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
The undifferentiated precursor cells reside in the red bone marrow. however, the maturation pathways of the various formed elements differ, and once a cell is committed to a specific blood cell pathway, it cannot change. New blood cells enter the blood via sinusoids.
Erythropoiesis:
Erythrocyte production
Stages of erythropoiesis:
Hematopoietic stem cell -> ? -> Basophilic erythroblast -> ? -> Orthochromatic erythroblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte
Proerythroblast / Polychromatic erythroblast
When an [?] erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it ejects most of its organelles.
Orthochromatic erythroblast
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on Dietary requirements and [?]
Hormonal controls
Tissue hypoxia
Too few erythrocytes causing oxygen deprivation
Having too many erythrocytes causes undesirably [?] (Thick, sticky)
Viscous
Blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism:
Anemia
Polycythemia
Anemia
Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills are the symptoms. Causes: Blood loss, not enough RBC’s produced, and too many RBC’s being destroyed.
For iron-deficiency anemia RBCs produced are called [?]. they are small, pale in color and cannot synthesize hemoglobin because there is a lack of iron.
Microcytes
Macrocytes
Microcytes
Pernicious anemia: Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factors which are needed to absorb B-12 (which is needed to help RBC’s to divide. Without B-12, RBC’s enlarge but cannot divide, resulting in cells called [?]
Microcytes
Macrocytes
Macrocytes
Which anemia is considered autoimmune?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia
autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factors that are needed to absorb b-12
Thalassemias and Sickle-cell anemia are in which anemia category:
Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Hemolytic anemias
Hemolytic anemias
Thalassemias: RBC’s are thin and delicate
Sickle-cell anemia are deformed in deoxygenated state.
People who have only one traight (heterozygous) for sickle-cell become malaria resistant!
Abnormal excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity, causing sluggish blood flow:
Anemia
Polycythemia
Polycythemia
Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBC’s
Iron-deficiency anemia
Polycythemia vera
Hemolytic anemia
Polycythemia
Secondary polycythemia is caused by low oxygen levels or increased EPO production. This can be caused by high/low altitude.
High altitude
Heme is degraded to yellow pigment called:
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Sterobilin
Bilirubin
Live secretes bilirubin (in bile) into intestines, where it is degraded to pigement
Urobilinogen
Stercobilin
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is transformed into brown pigment:
Bilirubin
Stercobilin
Stercobilin
Leaves the body in via feces.
Used when only blood loss is rapid and substantial
Whole-blood transfusions
Packed red blood cells
Whole blood transfusions
Anything that is perceived foreign:
Antigen
Antibody
Antigen
RBC’s antigens are known as agglutinogens
Name the three granuloctyes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Lobed rather than circular nuclei.
All phagocytic to a degree.
List the two agranulocytes
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
Which granulocyte stains with acid and basic dyes, contains hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins called defensins?
Neutrophils
Kills mirobes by a process caleed respiratory burst
Which granulocyte contains digestive enzymes that release on parasitic worms and also plays a role in allergices and asthma?
Eosinophils
Which agranuloctye has two types and one acts against virus-infected / tumor cells, and the other give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
Lymphocytes
T-cells: Act against virus-infected/tumor cells
B-cells: Give rise to plasma cels, which produce antibodies
Which granulocyte that it’s granules contain histamine, an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites?
Basophils
Which agranulocyte has the ability to leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages against viruses, bacterial parasites, chronic infections?
Monocytes
Also the largest WBC
Overproduction of abnormal WBC’s are leukemias and:
Infectious mononucleosis
Leukopenia
Infectious mononucleosis
Abnormally low WBC count:
Leukemia
Infectious mononucleosis
Leukopenia
Leukopenia
A cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC’s and named according to abnormal WBC clone involved.
Leukemia
Leukopenia
Leukemia
Which leukocyte disorder is considered the kissing disease?
Leukopenia
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis
Viral disease
Megakaryocytes are also which formed element?
platelets
Which formed elements contains several chemicals involved in clotting process?
Platelets
Circulating platelets are kept (active/inactive) and mobile by nitric oxide (NO) and prostcyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
Inactive
Step 1. Vascular spasm
Step 2. Platelet plug formation
Step 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
What is the name for this series of steps?
Hemostasis
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding.
Which step responds to injury with vasoconstriction and is triggered by direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets, and pain reflexes. Also this step is most effective in smaller blood vessels. It can signifcantly reduce blood flow until other mechanisms can kick in.
Vascular spasm.
Platelet plug.
Coagulation
Step 1. Vascular spasm
Which step is when platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged. platelets do not stick to intact vessel walls because collagen is not exposed. Also, prostacylcins and nitric oxide secreted by endothelial cells act to prevent platelet sticking.
Step 2. Platelet plug formation
Causes more platelets to stick and release their contents.
ADP
Serotinin
Thromboxane A2
ADP
Enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation.
ADP
Serotonin and thromboxane A2
Serotinin and Thromboxane A2
Which step has a series of reactions using clotting factors (procoagulants), mostly consisting of plasma proteins.
Step 3. Coagulation
