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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 16: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone enhances reabsorption of calcium?

A

PTH

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2
Q

Which cells produce thyroglobulin from the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells

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3
Q

In both sexes, which gonadotropin stimulates the production of gametes?

A

FSH.

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4
Q

In the adrenal medulla, medullary chromaffin cells synthesize the catecholamines:

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

Three types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones.

Here’s one: Hormonal stimuli. Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone). Example, hormones released from the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

A
  1. Humoral stimuli

Endocrine glands that secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain ions/nutrients. example: Low [Ca] in blood, Parathyroid glands secrete PTH to increase [Ca].

  1. Neural stimuli

Hormones released caused by neural input. Example: AP in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla, the adrenal meduall cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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6
Q

Which nuclei synthesize oxytocin?

Paraventricular nuclei

Supraoptic nuclei

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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7
Q

The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) triggers the release of [?}

A

TSH.

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8
Q

Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production, regulating tissue growth and development, and maintaining blood pressure?

GH

TH

ACTH

A

Thyroid hormone

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is stimulated by which releasing hormone?

A

Thyroid-releasing hormone.

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10
Q

The major target organ for glucagon is

A

The liver

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11
Q

Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to digest bony matrix to release ionic calcium and phosphate to the blood due to falling blood calcium levels?

A

PTH

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12
Q

Ketones are acidic, and their build up in blood can cause [?]

A

Ketoacidosis

It can also cause ketonuria.

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13
Q

Gonadocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex are weak androgens, which are..

A

Male sex hormones

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14
Q

The parathyroid cells synthesize which hormone? Parathyroid cells are small and abundant, arranged in thick branching cords. Oxyphil cell’s function are unkown

A

PTH

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15
Q

Rising TH blood levels act on the pituitary and the [?] to inhibit TSH secretion.

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Thymulin, thymosins, and thymopoetins are hormones to be involved in the development of [?] lymphocytes and immune response.

A

T lymphocytes

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17
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate release of [?], which decreases blood sugar levels, primarily by accelerating the transprot of glucose into the body cells, where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.

Insulin

Glucocorticoid

Glucagon

A

Insulin

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18
Q

cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, and corticosterone is under which category of corticosteroids?

A

glucocorticoids

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19
Q

Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can decrease the number of receptors for that hormone. This is called:

Up-regulation

Down-regulation

A

Down-regulation

(Desensitizing the target cells, so they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, preventing them from overreacting to high hormone levels.

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20
Q

Which cells in the pancreas have an exocrine function?

Alpha-cells

Beta-cells

Acinar cells

A

Acinar cells

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21
Q

If anterior pituitary secretion is deficient in a growing child, the child will

A. develop acromegaly

B. become a dwarf but fairly normal body proportions

C. Mature sex at an earlier tahn normal age

D. Be in constant danger of becoming dehyrdated.

A

B.

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22
Q

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Permissiveness

Syngerism

Antagonism

A

Antagonism. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, is antagonized by glucagon, which reasies blood glucose levels. Antagonisms may occur due to two hormones competing for the same receptor, act through different metabolic pathways, or a interaction between the two that causes down-regulation (progesterone/estrogen)

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23
Q

A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is:

glucagon

cortisone

aldosterone

insulin

A

Aldosterone

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24
Q

When sugars cannot be used as fuel, as in DM, fats are used, causing [?]: high levels of fatty acids in blood.

A

Lipidemia

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25
Q

What are the two hormones the pancreas secretes?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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26
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via [?] portal system

A

Hypophyseal portal system.

Containing primary capillary plexus

Hypophyseal portal veins

Secondary capillary plexus

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27
Q

Falling TH blood levels trigger release of [?].

A

TSH

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28
Q

Which hormone regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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29
Q

Whish hormone that is produced by the ovaries, is responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics of females.

Estrogen

Progesterone

A

Estrogen

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30
Q

When glucagon targets the liver the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (called):

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

A

glycogenolysis

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31
Q

When insulin is absent this result in type [?] Diabetes mellitus

A

1

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32
Q

Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

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33
Q

What corticosteroid is known as the sex hormones?

mineralcorticoids

glucocorticoids

gonadocorticoids

A

Gonadocorticoids

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34
Q

The pituitary gland, also known as the [?], is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

A

Hypophysis

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35
Q

Pancreatic islets (langerhans), the endocrine portion of the pancreas. What are the two cells in the pancreatic islet?

A

Alpha-cells and Beta-cells

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36
Q

[?] are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluids

A

Hormones

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37
Q

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels? Which gland secretes this hormone?

A

Calcitonin

Thyroid gland

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38
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary gland?

Corticotropic cells

Thyrotropic cells

A

Corticotropic cells

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39
Q

True/False: The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other glands.

A

True

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40
Q

When more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

Permissiveness

Synergism

Antagonism

A

Synergism. Both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose to the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose increases 150%

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41
Q

Which hormone promotes activation of viamin D, increasing absorption of calcium?

A

PTH

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42
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excess urine output

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43
Q

Which cells produce glucagon? Where are these cells located?

A

Alpha-cells

Located in the pancreas (pancreatic islet)

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44
Q

Which zona produces glucocorticoids?

A

Zona fasciculata. The thickest part of the cortex. its cells are arranged in parallel cords or fascicles.

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45
Q

When the G protein is activated and moving along the membrane its binds to an effector enzyme. What is the enzyme called?

A

Adenylate Cyclase

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46
Q

Parathyroid hormone:

Increases bone formation and lowers blood calcium levels

Increases calcium excretion from the body

Decreases calcium absorption from the gut

Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels

A

Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels.

PTH is released when blood calcium levels are low

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47
Q

Target cell activation depends equally on three factors:

Here’s one: The blood levels of the hormone.

A
  1. The number of receptors for that hormone
  2. Affinity of the binding between the receptor and hormone
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48
Q

Elevated blood potassium levels stimulates which adrenocortical hormone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

Decreasing blood volume / pressure is also a stimulant.

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49
Q

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract connects the thalamas to the [?]

A

Posterior pituitary lobe

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50
Q

FSH and LH regulate the function of [?]

A

Gonads (ovaries and testes)

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51
Q

The most common condition when it comes to hypersecretion of TH is:

Myxedema

Goiter

Grave’s disease

Cretinism

A

Grave’s disease

An autoimmune disease. A person makes anitbodies directed against thyroid follicular cells. Rather than marking these cells for destruction as antibodies normally do, these antibodies paradoxically mimic TSH and continuously stimulate TH release. Typical symptoms: sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss (high metabolic rate), opthalmos (protruding eyeballs).

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52
Q

Most T4 and T3 bind to [?-?] globulins (TBGs)

A

Thyroxine-binding globulins

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53
Q

Which gland is a small, cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain?

A

Pineal gland

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54
Q

Which cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin?

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

A

Parafollicular cells

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55
Q

When a hormone binds to its receptor protein, the receptor activates a G-protein when which energy is attached?

ATP

GTP

GDP

A

GTP

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56
Q

[?] travel through blood and regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body.

Hormones

Autocrines

Paracrines

A

Hormones

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57
Q

Major metabolic hormone(s) of the body

A

TH (T4 and T3)

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58
Q

Overgrowth of hands, feet, and the face is due to a hypersecretion of GH. The conditions is known as

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Pituitary dwarfism

A

acromegaly.

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59
Q

Which enzyme phosphorylates various proteins during the second-messenger mechanism?

Adenylate cyclase

Protein kinase

cAMP

A

Adenylate cyclase

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60
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) known as dopamine, prevents which hormone secretion?

A

Prolactin

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61
Q

The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas or regions. which one produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)?

Zona fasciculatat

Zona glomerulosa

Zona reticularis

A

Zona glomerulosa

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62
Q

Hyposecretion of TH in infants leads to this condition:

Myxedema

Goiter

Grave’s disease

Cretinism

A

Cretinism

The child becomes mentally disabled, disproportionately sized body and thick neck and tongue.

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63
Q

Which gland is this?

A

Adrenal gland

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64
Q

The endocrine system influences metabolic activities via

A

hormones

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65
Q

Which area of the adrenal gland develops from neural crest tissue and is directly conrolled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

A

Adrenal medulla

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66
Q

Proinsulin is where which hormone is derived from?

A

Insulin

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67
Q

What are the four tropic hormones the adenohypophysis secretes?

A

Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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68
Q

Important anabolic hormone; many of its effects mediated by IGFs

A

Growth hormone

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69
Q

A lack of Iodine can cause this condition:

Myxedema

Goiter

Grave’s disease

Cretinism

A

Goiter

Enlarged protruding thyroid gland. The pituitary secretes increasing amounts of TSH to stimulate the thyroid to produce TH, but the only result is an accumulation of colloid.

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70
Q

Which cells produce GH and PRL in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Acidophils

Basophil cells

Chromophobes

A

Acidophils

71
Q

What hormone is also known as vasopressin?

Oxytocin

ACTH

ADH

A

ADH

72
Q

Organs that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as the [?] organs

A

Target organs

73
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q

Which hormone is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood.

Calcitonin

PTH

A

PTH

Decrease in calcium levels inhibit its release. PTH increases calcium levels in blood by stimulating three target organs: skelton, kidneys, and intestines.

75
Q

Which two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

76
Q

GH is stimulated by which releasing hormone?

A

GHRH

GHRH is triggered by low blood levels of GH, hypoglycemia, increases in blood levels of aminos, low levels of fatty acids, exercise, and other stressors.

77
Q

Which hormone mediates most of its growth-enhancing effects indirectly via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

A

Growth hormone.

The liver, skeletal muscles, bone, and other tissues produce IGFs in response to GH.

78
Q

The placenta secretes what hormone?

Testosterone

Estrogen and progesterone

Progesterone

Testosterone and estrogen

A

Estrogen and progesterone.

It sustains the fetus during pregnancy and secretes several steroid and protein hormones that influence the course of pregnancy. It also secretes chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

79
Q

TH is actually two iodine-containing amino hormones known as..

A

T4 (Thyroxine)

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

80
Q

Which hormone is two physiologically active hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothryonine) and its primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation?

GH

TSH

TH

A

Thyroid hormone (TH)

81
Q

Causes the kidneys to conserve water/salt (two choices)

A

Aldosterone and ADH

82
Q

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules is named:

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

A

Gluconeogenesis

83
Q

Which two hormones regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes)?

A

Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

84
Q

FSH and LH are stimulated by which releasing hormone?

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

85
Q

Pinealocytes secrete which hormone?

A

Melatonin

86
Q

Which glands are arranged in cords and branching networks to maximize contact between them and surrounding capillaries

A

Endocrine glands

87
Q

Some hormones act by

A. Increasing the synthesis of enzymes

B. Converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme

C. Affecting only specific target organs

D. All of these

A

D.

88
Q

Which hormone has a direct action that mobilizes fats from fat depots for transport to cells, increasing blood levels of fatty acids and encouraging their use for fuel. It also decreases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism, conserving glucose. In the liver, it encourages glycogen breakdown and release of glucose to the blood.

Glucocorticoid

Insulin

Growth Hormone

A

Growth Hormone

89
Q

A hypodermic injection of epinephrine would

A. Increase heart rate, blood pressure, dilate the bronchi of the lungs, and increase peristalsis

B. Decrease heart rate, blood pressure, constrict the bronchi, and increase peristalsis

C. Decrease heart rate, increase blood prssure, constrict the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis

D. Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis.

A

D.

Peristalsis (involuntary constriction)

90
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) allows the release of which hormone?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone

glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone.

Rising levels of glucocorticoids feed back and block secertions of CRH and ACTH.

91
Q

What is the other term for mineralocorticoids?

A

aldosterone

92
Q

Fluid of follicle lumen containing thyroglobulin and iodine and is precursor to thyroid hormone. This is called…?

A

Colloid

93
Q

Which gland contains colloid-filled follicles? Stored T3 and T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin.

A

Thyroid gland

94
Q

Which gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

95
Q

Increases uterine contractions during birth

A

Oxytocin

96
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production by breasts.

A

Prolactin

97
Q

What are the two neurohormones the posterior pituitary gland storages?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

98
Q

Myxedema, goiter, and grave’s disease, cretinism are all conditions due to which hormonal or gland dysfunction?

A

Thyroid hormone (gland)

99
Q

What is the name for the hollow, spherical shape that composes the thyroid gland?

A

Follicles

100
Q

Which cells produce GH (somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Somatotropic cells (acidophils)

101
Q

Which two hormones elicit the fight-or-flight response to stressors?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

102
Q

Which hormone exhibits diurnal (daily) cycle. It peaks at night, causing drowsiness, and is lowest around noon? Where is the hormone produced?

A

Melatonin / pineal gland

103
Q

Which organ is partially behind the stomach, functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

104
Q

Acidophils from the anterior pituitary gland produces which 2 hormones? hint: the two hormones are nontropic

A

GH and prolactin

105
Q

Which hormone causes the kidney tubules to resorb more water from the urinary filtrate, reducing urine output and conserving body water?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

106
Q

The supraoptic nuclei produce which neurohormone?

Oxytocin

ADH

A

ADH

107
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland contains pituicytes?

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

108
Q

Which hormone has a greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure?

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine.

109
Q

Which cells are responsible for the produciton of the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH)?

Acidophils

Basophil cells

Chromophobes

A

Basophil cells

110
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels, influences protein and fat metabolism?

A

Insulin

111
Q

The situation in which one hormone can not exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Permissiveness

Syngergism

Antagonism

A

Permissiveness.

112
Q

Fatty acid metabolism results in the formation of [?] bodies

A

Ketones

113
Q

Which hormone stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and also causes milk ejection?

A

Oxytocin

114
Q

Gonadotropin hormones (FSH and LH) are secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary?

Thyrotropic cells

corticotropic cells

gonadotropic cells

A

Gonadotropic cells

115
Q

Which hormone is stimulated to release by low blood glucose levels, and its action is hyperglycemic. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release the glucose to the blood.

Insulin

Glucocorticoid

Glucagon

A

Glucagon

116
Q

The hormone is considered the first messenger. What is considered a second messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

117
Q

The major stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is

Hormonal

Humoral

Neural

A

Humoral

PTH concentrated on calcium levels.

118
Q

Follicular cells secrete which hormone?

TSH

TH

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone

119
Q

What is the median mass that connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

A

isthmus

120
Q

The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

121
Q

Which lobe is this?

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

122
Q

What are the two hormones the adenohypophysis secretes that are not tropic hormones?

A

Growth hormone: Metabolic hormone that is important for determining body size, muscle growth and the long bones of the body.

Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.

123
Q

Which hormone is an antagonist of insulin?

Glucocorticoids

Calcitonin

Glucagon

A

Glucagon

124
Q

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release [?] hormones

A

corticosteroids.

125
Q

Which cells produce prolactin?

A

Prolactin cells

126
Q

The treatment for hyperinsulinism

A

Sugar ingestion

Because hyperinsulinism causes hypoglycemia. symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, death.

127
Q

What is the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum

128
Q

Which hormone is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, broncial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart?

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

A

Epinephrine

This hormone is used clincally as a heart stimulant and to dilate bronchioles during asthma attacks.

129
Q

Absence of thyroid hormone would result in

A. Increased heart rate and increased force of heart contraction

B. Depression of the CNS and lethargy

C. Exophthalmos

D. High metabolic rate

A

B.

130
Q

When these two sex hormones act with each other, one of them promote breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa (menstrual cycle). Which hormone is this?

A

Estrogen

131
Q

In adults, full blown hyposecretion of TH is called

Myxedema

Goiter

Grave’s disease

Cretinism

A

Myxedema

Symptoms include low metabolic rate, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema.

132
Q

In both sexes, which releasing hormone from the hypothalamus prompts gonadotropin release?

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

GnRH

133
Q

When solutes threaten to become too concentration in the blood, the osmoreceptors transmit excitatory impulses to the hypothalamic neurons, which release which hormone?

A

ADH

ADH liberated into the blood by the posterior pituitary, it targets the kidney tubules. The tubule cells respond by reabsorbing more water from urine and returning it to the bloodstream. Less urine is produced and the solute concentration of the blood declines.

134
Q

Persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form addtional receptors for that hormone. This is called:

Up-regulation

Down-regulation

A

Up-regulation

135
Q

Hypersecretion of GH usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor. In children this results in

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Gigantism

136
Q

The [?] gland, composed of two lobes, is located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx. Pancreas Posterior pituitary thymus thyroid

A

Thyroid

137
Q

Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposits in the bones?

A

Calcitonin

138
Q

Which gland produces non-hormonal substances?

Endocrine

Exocrine

A

Exocrine glands

139
Q

Which two tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary glands are considered gonadotropins?

A

Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

140
Q

What enzyme degrades cAMP?

Acetylcholinesterase

Phosphodiesterase

A

Phosphodiesterase

141
Q

Which pituitary lobe produces and secretes four tropic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

142
Q

Which gland is this?

A

Thyroid gland

143
Q

Which hormone is attached to plasma proteins when traveling in the blood?

Amino-acid hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone)

144
Q

Medullary chromaffin cells are found in the

A. parathyroid

B. Anterior pituitary gland

C. Adrenal gland

D. Pineal gland

A

C.

145
Q

Which zona is where most mineralcorticoid production occurs and where the tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical clusters?

A

Zona glomerulosa

146
Q

Which gland is this?

A

Parathyroid gland

147
Q

Which gland produces calcitonin?

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid

Thymus

A

Thyroid gland

148
Q

Thyroid follicles majorly secrete which thyroid hormone?

A

T4

149
Q

If there’s adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in

A. lower blood glucose levels

B. increased cell utilization of glucose

C. storage of glycogen

D. All of these

A

D.

150
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

These releasing hormones derive from…?

A

The hypothalamus

151
Q

Which zona produces sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) and some glucocorticoids?

A

Zona reticularis. The cells here stain intensely and form a branching network.

152
Q

Which hormone influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland?

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

153
Q

Which cells from the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin?

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

A

Parafollicular cells

Also known as C-cells. The thyroid gland in response to rise in blood calcium levels.

154
Q

In both sexes, which hormone promotes production of gonadal hormones?

A

LH

In females, LH works with FSH to cause an egg-containing ovarian follice mature. LH then triggers ovulation and promotes synthesis and release of ovarian hormones.

In males, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce the male hormones, testosterone.

155
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Excessive hunger

156
Q

What stimulates the release or gonadocorticoids?

A

ACTH

157
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a tropic hormone that simtulates normal development and secretory activity of which [?] gland

A

Thyroid gland

158
Q

Which corticosteroid regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion resprotion by kidney tubules?

Aldosterone

glucocorticoids

gonadocorticoids

A

aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

159
Q

The paraventricular neurons (nuclei) synthesize which hormone of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

Oxytocin

ADH

PTH

A

Oxytocin

160
Q

Which hormone is the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood?

TSH

TH

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

161
Q

If insulin is present, but its effects are deficient, the result type is type [?] diabetes mellitus

A

2

162
Q

Thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary releases which hormone?

A

TSH.

163
Q

Which cells produce insulin? Where are these cells located?

Alpha-cells

Beta-cells

Chromophobes

A

Beta-cells

Pancreatic islet

164
Q

Which corticosteroid enables the body to resists long-term stressors, by increasing blood glucose levels?

A

glucocorticoids

165
Q

Stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

166
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine glands

167
Q

Which area of the adrenal gland produces three major groups of steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids?

A

adrenal cortex

168
Q

Which two hormones secreted by the hypothalamus regulates the release and inhibition of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

169
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes all but

Antidiuretic hormone

GH

gonadotropins

TSH

A

ADH

170
Q

Prolactin is controlled by which releasing hormone?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

171
Q

This gland is rather large in infant, but begins to atrophy at puberty and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. it produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the [?] gland.

A

Thymus

172
Q

[?] form the endocrine portion of the pancreas

Pancreatic islets

Acinar cells

A

Pancreatic islets

173
Q

Which hormone enhances membrane transprot of glucose into most body cells, especially muscle and fat cells, inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose?

A

Insulin

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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