Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards
Which hormone enhances reabsorption of calcium?
PTH
Which cells produce thyroglobulin from the thyroid gland?
Follicular cells
In both sexes, which gonadotropin stimulates the production of gametes?
FSH.
In the adrenal medulla, medullary chromaffin cells synthesize the catecholamines:
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Three types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones.
Here’s one: Hormonal stimuli. Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone). Example, hormones released from the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
- Humoral stimuli
Endocrine glands that secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain ions/nutrients. example: Low [Ca] in blood, Parathyroid glands secrete PTH to increase [Ca].
- Neural stimuli
Hormones released caused by neural input. Example: AP in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla, the adrenal meduall cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Which nuclei synthesize oxytocin?
Paraventricular nuclei
Supraoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei
The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) triggers the release of [?}
TSH.
Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production, regulating tissue growth and development, and maintaining blood pressure?
GH
TH
ACTH
Thyroid hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone is stimulated by which releasing hormone?
Thyroid-releasing hormone.
The major target organ for glucagon is
The liver
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to digest bony matrix to release ionic calcium and phosphate to the blood due to falling blood calcium levels?
PTH
Ketones are acidic, and their build up in blood can cause [?]
Ketoacidosis
It can also cause ketonuria.
Gonadocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex are weak androgens, which are..
Male sex hormones
The parathyroid cells synthesize which hormone? Parathyroid cells are small and abundant, arranged in thick branching cords. Oxyphil cell’s function are unkown
PTH
Rising TH blood levels act on the pituitary and the [?] to inhibit TSH secretion.
Hypothalamus
Thymulin, thymosins, and thymopoetins are hormones to be involved in the development of [?] lymphocytes and immune response.
T lymphocytes
Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate release of [?], which decreases blood sugar levels, primarily by accelerating the transprot of glucose into the body cells, where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.
Insulin
Glucocorticoid
Glucagon
Insulin
cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, and corticosterone is under which category of corticosteroids?
glucocorticoids
Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can decrease the number of receptors for that hormone. This is called:
Up-regulation
Down-regulation
Down-regulation
(Desensitizing the target cells, so they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, preventing them from overreacting to high hormone levels.
Which cells in the pancreas have an exocrine function?
Alpha-cells
Beta-cells
Acinar cells
Acinar cells
If anterior pituitary secretion is deficient in a growing child, the child will
A. develop acromegaly
B. become a dwarf but fairly normal body proportions
C. Mature sex at an earlier tahn normal age
D. Be in constant danger of becoming dehyrdated.
B.
When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.
Permissiveness
Syngerism
Antagonism
Antagonism. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, is antagonized by glucagon, which reasies blood glucose levels. Antagonisms may occur due to two hormones competing for the same receptor, act through different metabolic pathways, or a interaction between the two that causes down-regulation (progesterone/estrogen)
A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is:
glucagon
cortisone
aldosterone
insulin
Aldosterone
When sugars cannot be used as fuel, as in DM, fats are used, causing [?]: high levels of fatty acids in blood.
Lipidemia
What are the two hormones the pancreas secretes?
Insulin and glucagon
The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via [?] portal system
Hypophyseal portal system.
Containing primary capillary plexus
Hypophyseal portal veins
Secondary capillary plexus
Falling TH blood levels trigger release of [?].
TSH
Which hormone regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Whish hormone that is produced by the ovaries, is responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics of females.
Estrogen
Progesterone
Estrogen
When glucagon targets the liver the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (called):
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
When insulin is absent this result in type [?] Diabetes mellitus
1
Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?
Adrenal cortex
What corticosteroid is known as the sex hormones?
mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids
The pituitary gland, also known as the [?], is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Hypophysis
Pancreatic islets (langerhans), the endocrine portion of the pancreas. What are the two cells in the pancreatic islet?
Alpha-cells and Beta-cells
[?] are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluids
Hormones
Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels? Which gland secretes this hormone?
Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary gland?
Corticotropic cells
Thyrotropic cells
Corticotropic cells
True/False: The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other glands.
True
When more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.
Permissiveness
Synergism
Antagonism
Synergism. Both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose to the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose increases 150%
Which hormone promotes activation of viamin D, increasing absorption of calcium?
PTH
What is polyuria?
Excess urine output
Which cells produce glucagon? Where are these cells located?
Alpha-cells
Located in the pancreas (pancreatic islet)
Which zona produces glucocorticoids?
Zona fasciculata. The thickest part of the cortex. its cells are arranged in parallel cords or fascicles.
When the G protein is activated and moving along the membrane its binds to an effector enzyme. What is the enzyme called?
Adenylate Cyclase
Parathyroid hormone:
Increases bone formation and lowers blood calcium levels
Increases calcium excretion from the body
Decreases calcium absorption from the gut
Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels
Demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels.
PTH is released when blood calcium levels are low
Target cell activation depends equally on three factors:
Here’s one: The blood levels of the hormone.
- The number of receptors for that hormone
- Affinity of the binding between the receptor and hormone
Elevated blood potassium levels stimulates which adrenocortical hormone?
Mineralocorticoid
Decreasing blood volume / pressure is also a stimulant.
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract connects the thalamas to the [?]
Posterior pituitary lobe
FSH and LH regulate the function of [?]
Gonads (ovaries and testes)
The most common condition when it comes to hypersecretion of TH is:
Myxedema
Goiter
Grave’s disease
Cretinism
Grave’s disease
An autoimmune disease. A person makes anitbodies directed against thyroid follicular cells. Rather than marking these cells for destruction as antibodies normally do, these antibodies paradoxically mimic TSH and continuously stimulate TH release. Typical symptoms: sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss (high metabolic rate), opthalmos (protruding eyeballs).
Most T4 and T3 bind to [?-?] globulins (TBGs)
Thyroxine-binding globulins
Which gland is a small, cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain?
Pineal gland
Which cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin?
Follicular cells
Parafollicular cells
Parafollicular cells
When a hormone binds to its receptor protein, the receptor activates a G-protein when which energy is attached?
ATP
GTP
GDP
GTP
[?] travel through blood and regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body.
Hormones
Autocrines
Paracrines
Hormones
Major metabolic hormone(s) of the body
TH (T4 and T3)
Overgrowth of hands, feet, and the face is due to a hypersecretion of GH. The conditions is known as
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
acromegaly.
Which enzyme phosphorylates various proteins during the second-messenger mechanism?
Adenylate cyclase
Protein kinase
cAMP
Adenylate cyclase
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) known as dopamine, prevents which hormone secretion?
Prolactin
The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas or regions. which one produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)?
Zona fasciculatat
Zona glomerulosa
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
Hyposecretion of TH in infants leads to this condition:
Myxedema
Goiter
Grave’s disease
Cretinism
Cretinism
The child becomes mentally disabled, disproportionately sized body and thick neck and tongue.
Which gland is this?
Adrenal gland
The endocrine system influences metabolic activities via
hormones
Which area of the adrenal gland develops from neural crest tissue and is directly conrolled by the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal medulla
Proinsulin is where which hormone is derived from?
Insulin
What are the four tropic hormones the adenohypophysis secretes?
Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Important anabolic hormone; many of its effects mediated by IGFs
Growth hormone
A lack of Iodine can cause this condition:
Myxedema
Goiter
Grave’s disease
Cretinism
Goiter
Enlarged protruding thyroid gland. The pituitary secretes increasing amounts of TSH to stimulate the thyroid to produce TH, but the only result is an accumulation of colloid.
Which cells produce GH and PRL in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Acidophils
Basophil cells
Chromophobes
Acidophils
What hormone is also known as vasopressin?
Oxytocin
ACTH
ADH
ADH
Organs that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as the [?] organs
Target organs
Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which hormone is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood.
Calcitonin
PTH
PTH
Decrease in calcium levels inhibit its release. PTH increases calcium levels in blood by stimulating three target organs: skelton, kidneys, and intestines.
Which two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
GH is stimulated by which releasing hormone?
GHRH
GHRH is triggered by low blood levels of GH, hypoglycemia, increases in blood levels of aminos, low levels of fatty acids, exercise, and other stressors.
Which hormone mediates most of its growth-enhancing effects indirectly via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
Growth hormone.
The liver, skeletal muscles, bone, and other tissues produce IGFs in response to GH.
The placenta secretes what hormone?
Testosterone
Estrogen and progesterone
Progesterone
Testosterone and estrogen
Estrogen and progesterone.
It sustains the fetus during pregnancy and secretes several steroid and protein hormones that influence the course of pregnancy. It also secretes chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
TH is actually two iodine-containing amino hormones known as..
T4 (Thyroxine)
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
Which hormone is two physiologically active hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothryonine) and its primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation?
GH
TSH
TH
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Causes the kidneys to conserve water/salt (two choices)
Aldosterone and ADH
Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules is named:
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Which two hormones regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
FSH and LH are stimulated by which releasing hormone?
GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Pinealocytes secrete which hormone?
Melatonin
Which glands are arranged in cords and branching networks to maximize contact between them and surrounding capillaries
Endocrine glands
Some hormones act by
A. Increasing the synthesis of enzymes
B. Converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme
C. Affecting only specific target organs
D. All of these
D.
Which hormone has a direct action that mobilizes fats from fat depots for transport to cells, increasing blood levels of fatty acids and encouraging their use for fuel. It also decreases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism, conserving glucose. In the liver, it encourages glycogen breakdown and release of glucose to the blood.
Glucocorticoid
Insulin
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone
A hypodermic injection of epinephrine would
A. Increase heart rate, blood pressure, dilate the bronchi of the lungs, and increase peristalsis
B. Decrease heart rate, blood pressure, constrict the bronchi, and increase peristalsis
C. Decrease heart rate, increase blood prssure, constrict the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis
D. Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis.
D.
Peristalsis (involuntary constriction)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) allows the release of which hormone?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone
glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone.
Rising levels of glucocorticoids feed back and block secertions of CRH and ACTH.
What is the other term for mineralocorticoids?
aldosterone
Fluid of follicle lumen containing thyroglobulin and iodine and is precursor to thyroid hormone. This is called…?
Colloid
Which gland contains colloid-filled follicles? Stored T3 and T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin.
Thyroid gland
Which gland produces melatonin?
pineal gland
Increases uterine contractions during birth
Oxytocin
Which hormone stimulates milk production by breasts.
Prolactin
What are the two neurohormones the posterior pituitary gland storages?
Oxytocin and ADH
Myxedema, goiter, and grave’s disease, cretinism are all conditions due to which hormonal or gland dysfunction?
Thyroid hormone (gland)
What is the name for the hollow, spherical shape that composes the thyroid gland?
Follicles
Which cells produce GH (somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary gland?
Somatotropic cells (acidophils)
Which two hormones elicit the fight-or-flight response to stressors?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which hormone exhibits diurnal (daily) cycle. It peaks at night, causing drowsiness, and is lowest around noon? Where is the hormone produced?
Melatonin / pineal gland
Which organ is partially behind the stomach, functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
Pancreas
Acidophils from the anterior pituitary gland produces which 2 hormones? hint: the two hormones are nontropic
GH and prolactin
Which hormone causes the kidney tubules to resorb more water from the urinary filtrate, reducing urine output and conserving body water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The supraoptic nuclei produce which neurohormone?
Oxytocin
ADH
ADH
Which lobe of the pituitary gland contains pituicytes?
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Which hormone has a greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine.
Which cells are responsible for the produciton of the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH)?
Acidophils
Basophil cells
Chromophobes
Basophil cells
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels, influences protein and fat metabolism?
Insulin
The situation in which one hormone can not exert its full effects without another hormone being present.
Permissiveness
Syngergism
Antagonism
Permissiveness.
Fatty acid metabolism results in the formation of [?] bodies
Ketones
Which hormone stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and also causes milk ejection?
Oxytocin
Gonadotropin hormones (FSH and LH) are secreted by which cells in the anterior pituitary?
Thyrotropic cells
corticotropic cells
gonadotropic cells
Gonadotropic cells
Which hormone is stimulated to release by low blood glucose levels, and its action is hyperglycemic. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release the glucose to the blood.
Insulin
Glucocorticoid
Glucagon
Glucagon
The hormone is considered the first messenger. What is considered a second messenger?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
The major stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is
Hormonal
Humoral
Neural
Humoral
PTH concentrated on calcium levels.
Follicular cells secrete which hormone?
TSH
TH
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone
What is the median mass that connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
isthmus
The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels.
Glucagon
Which lobe is this?
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
What are the two hormones the adenohypophysis secretes that are not tropic hormones?
Growth hormone: Metabolic hormone that is important for determining body size, muscle growth and the long bones of the body.
Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.
Which hormone is an antagonist of insulin?
Glucocorticoids
Calcitonin
Glucagon
Glucagon
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release [?] hormones
corticosteroids.
Which cells produce prolactin?
Prolactin cells
The treatment for hyperinsulinism
Sugar ingestion
Because hyperinsulinism causes hypoglycemia. symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, death.
What is the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
The infundibulum
Which hormone is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, broncial dilation, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
This hormone is used clincally as a heart stimulant and to dilate bronchioles during asthma attacks.
Absence of thyroid hormone would result in
A. Increased heart rate and increased force of heart contraction
B. Depression of the CNS and lethargy
C. Exophthalmos
D. High metabolic rate
B.
When these two sex hormones act with each other, one of them promote breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa (menstrual cycle). Which hormone is this?
Estrogen
In adults, full blown hyposecretion of TH is called
Myxedema
Goiter
Grave’s disease
Cretinism
Myxedema
Symptoms include low metabolic rate, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema.
In both sexes, which releasing hormone from the hypothalamus prompts gonadotropin release?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH
When solutes threaten to become too concentration in the blood, the osmoreceptors transmit excitatory impulses to the hypothalamic neurons, which release which hormone?
ADH
ADH liberated into the blood by the posterior pituitary, it targets the kidney tubules. The tubule cells respond by reabsorbing more water from urine and returning it to the bloodstream. Less urine is produced and the solute concentration of the blood declines.
Persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form addtional receptors for that hormone. This is called:
Up-regulation
Down-regulation
Up-regulation
Hypersecretion of GH usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor. In children this results in
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
The [?] gland, composed of two lobes, is located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx. Pancreas Posterior pituitary thymus thyroid
Thyroid
Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposits in the bones?
Calcitonin
Which gland produces non-hormonal substances?
Endocrine
Exocrine
Exocrine glands
Which two tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary glands are considered gonadotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hromone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What enzyme degrades cAMP?
Acetylcholinesterase
Phosphodiesterase
Phosphodiesterase
Which pituitary lobe produces and secretes four tropic hormones?
Anterior pituitary gland
Which gland is this?
Thyroid gland
Which hormone is attached to plasma proteins when traveling in the blood?
Amino-acid hormones
Lipid-soluble hormones
Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone)
Medullary chromaffin cells are found in the
A. parathyroid
B. Anterior pituitary gland
C. Adrenal gland
D. Pineal gland
C.
Which zona is where most mineralcorticoid production occurs and where the tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical clusters?
Zona glomerulosa
Which gland is this?
Parathyroid gland
Which gland produces calcitonin?
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Thyroid follicles majorly secrete which thyroid hormone?
T4
If there’s adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in
A. lower blood glucose levels
B. increased cell utilization of glucose
C. storage of glycogen
D. All of these
D.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
These releasing hormones derive from…?
The hypothalamus
Which zona produces sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) and some glucocorticoids?
Zona reticularis. The cells here stain intensely and form a branching network.
Which hormone influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland?
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which cells from the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin?
Follicular cells
Parafollicular cells
Parafollicular cells
Also known as C-cells. The thyroid gland in response to rise in blood calcium levels.
In both sexes, which hormone promotes production of gonadal hormones?
LH
In females, LH works with FSH to cause an egg-containing ovarian follice mature. LH then triggers ovulation and promotes synthesis and release of ovarian hormones.
In males, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce the male hormones, testosterone.
What is polyphagia?
Excessive hunger
What stimulates the release or gonadocorticoids?
ACTH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a tropic hormone that simtulates normal development and secretory activity of which [?] gland
Thyroid gland
Which corticosteroid regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion resprotion by kidney tubules?
Aldosterone
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
The paraventricular neurons (nuclei) synthesize which hormone of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?
Oxytocin
ADH
PTH
Oxytocin
Which hormone is the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood?
TSH
TH
PTH
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
If insulin is present, but its effects are deficient, the result type is type [?] diabetes mellitus
2
Thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary releases which hormone?
TSH.
Which cells produce insulin? Where are these cells located?
Alpha-cells
Beta-cells
Chromophobes
Beta-cells
Pancreatic islet
Which corticosteroid enables the body to resists long-term stressors, by increasing blood glucose levels?
glucocorticoids
Stimulates milk production
Prolactin
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine glands
Which area of the adrenal gland produces three major groups of steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids?
adrenal cortex
Which two hormones secreted by the hypothalamus regulates the release and inhibition of growth hormone?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
The anterior pituitary secretes all but
Antidiuretic hormone
GH
gonadotropins
TSH
ADH
Prolactin is controlled by which releasing hormone?
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
This gland is rather large in infant, but begins to atrophy at puberty and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. it produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the [?] gland.
Thymus
[?] form the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets
Acinar cells
Pancreatic islets
Which hormone enhances membrane transprot of glucose into most body cells, especially muscle and fat cells, inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose?
Insulin
