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RVT Review > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

a fleeting neurological dysfunction
symptoms last less than 24 hours
usually embolic from heart or carotid artery

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2
Q

what is vertebral basilar insufficiency (VBI)?

A

RIND
symptoms last longer than 24 hours but not longer than 72
can have complete recovery

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3
Q

what attack will have permanent symptoms?

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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4
Q

what is CVA?

A

symptoms last more than 24 hours

complete recovery doesnt occur

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5
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

causes thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls
can result in decreased perfusion to the brain
formed within or beneath the intima

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6
Q

what is atheromatous plaque?

A

a form of arteriorscleriosis

localized accumulations of lipid containing material (atheroma), smooth muscle cells, collagen, fibrin, and platelets

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7
Q

what are some types of atheromatous plaque?

A 
fatty streak 
fibrous plaque 
complicated lesion 
ulcerative lesion 
intra-plaque hemorrhage
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8
Q

what is included in the fatty streak?

A

thin layer of lipid material on intimal layer

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9
Q

what is fibrous plaque made of?

A

accumulation of lipids, collagen, and elastic fibers

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10
Q

what is complicated lesion made of?

A

a fibrous plaque that includes fibrous tissue, more collage, calcium, and cellular debris

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11
Q

what is ulcerative lesion made of?

A

deterioration of the normally smooth surface of the fibrous cap; may result in distal embolization

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12
Q

what is intra-plaque hemorrhage made of?

A

evident on B-mode as a sonolucent area within plaque

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13
Q

what is thromboembolic?

A

obstruction of a vessel by a piece of thrombus

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14
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

large amounts of red blood cells trapped within a fibrin network; clumps of platelets may also be evident

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15
Q

what is embolism?

A

piece of thrombus breaks loose and travels distally until it lodges in a small vessel

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16
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

localized dilation of a blood vessel due to congential defect or weakness of the wall
due to trauma, infection or atherosclerosis

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17
Q

where are aneurysm rarely seen?

A

in cervical carotid artery

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18
Q

what is the formula for doppler shift?

A

2fvcos/c

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19
Q

where in the circle of willis is aneursyms more common?

A

connection between ACA and Acomm

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20
Q

what is a pulsatile mass in neck usually?

A

a very tortuous CCA

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21
Q

what are some non-atherosclerotic conditions?

A

dissection
fibromuscular dysplasia
carotid body tumors
neointimal hyperplasia

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22
Q

what is a dissection?

A

results from a sudden tear in the intima

creates a false lumen which may gradually extend prox or distally

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23
Q

T/F blood in the false lumen can thrombosis?

A

true

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24
Q

what is fibromuscular dysplasia?

A

most commonly cuased by dysplais aof medial along with overgrowth of collagen
characteristic bead-like appearance
often seen in young women
common location renal arteries 2nd ICA

25
what is a carotid body tumor?
a small structure located just above the carotid bif bw ICA and ECA helps control respiration by sensing changes in oxygen tension of blood
26
what is another chara of carotid body tumor?
highly vascular structure that develops bw the ICA and ECA and is usually fed by the ECA surgical excision may require ligation of the ICA and or ECA
27
what is neointimal hyperplasia?
intimal thickening from rapid production of smooth muscle cells
28
why do neointimal hyperplasias occur?
a response to vascular injury/ reconstructions | post carotid endaterectomy
29
what can happen with neointimal hyperplasia?
denuding of endothelium leads to platelet acumulation, endothelium regeneration, and smooth muscle cell proliferation
30
when does significant stenosis occur with neointimal hyperplasia?
6-24 months
31
what is a palpation?
rhythmic throbbing of artery in time with the heart beat usually felt by the 2, 3, or 4 fingers
32
what are some common sites for palpation?
common carotid, superficial temporal, subclab, axillary arteries
33
what is ausculation?
listening through a stethoscope
34
what is a bruit?
a noise heard as the result of turbulent flow | freq associated with a hemody significant lesion
35
when will you not hear a bruit with a stenosis?
with a very tight stenosis >90%
36
what are common sites for bruits?
carotid and subclavian
37
how can you detect a subclav steal?
take BP measurements side with the lowest pressure detects proximal obstruction
38
what is part of the anterior circulation?
ICA MCA ACA
39
the left side of the brain controls which side of the body?
right
40
specific eye symptoms are suggestive of what disease? | e.g amaurosis fugax
ipsilateral ICA disease
41
what are symptoms with ICA lesion?
unilateral paresis and parethesia aphasia amaurosis fugax
42
what is paresis?
weakness or slight paralysis
43
what is paresthesia?
prickling or tingling of the skin
44
what is aphasia?
inability to speak
45
what is amaurosis fugax?
temporary partial or total blindness, usually in one eye
46
which symptoms are not consistent with ICA lesions?
myopia | homonymous hemianopia
47
what is myopia?
nearsightedness
48
what is homonymous hemianopia?
defective vision or blindness in the right or left halves of the visual fields
49
what are symptoms with MCA lesions?
aphasia or dysphasia mreo sever facial and arm hemiparesis or hemiplegia behavioral changes (confusion)
50
what are symptoms with ACA lesions?
more severe leg hemiparesis or hemiplegia incontience loss of ccordination
51
what is part of the posterior circulation?
PCA verts basilar
52
what are symptoms with vertebrobasilar lesion?
``` vertigo ataxia bilateral visually blurring or double vision bilateral paresthia or anesthesia drop attack ```
53
what is vertigo?
difficult in maintain equilibrium
54
what is ataxia?
muscular uncoordination i.e inability to catch a taxi or inability to control gait
55
what is drop attack?
falling to the ground without a loss of consciousness
56
what are symptoms seen with PCA lesions?
dyslexia coma paralysis usually does not occur
57
what are non-localizing symptoms?
dizziness syncope severe headache
58
what is dizziness?
sensation of whirling with a tendency to fall
59
what is syncope?
transient loss of consciousness

RVT Review (30 decks)

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