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APUSH > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

To understand the Industrial Supremacy that the U.S. underwent in the 19th century.

1
Q

Most important technological developement in a nation who hevaliy depended on railroads and urban contruction.

A

Iron and Steel production

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2
Q

An Englishman and an American who developed a process for converting iron into much more durable and versatille steel.

A

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly

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3
Q

Consisited of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities.

A

The Bessemer

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4
Q

The discovery of a man who found that ingredients could be added to the iron during conversion to transform it into steel.

A

Robert Mushet

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5
Q

A New Jersey ironmaster who introduced another method of making steel called the open-hearth process.

A

Abram S. Hewitt

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6
Q

Where did the steel industry first emerge in?

A

Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio

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7
Q

Another word for hard coal.

A

Anthracite

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8
Q

What city became the center of the steel world?

A

Pittsburgh

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9
Q

What were mostly made of stones and usually built against the side of a hill to reduce construction demands?

A

Steel furnaces

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10
Q

How was steel production possible in the Great Lakes region?

A

The availability of steam freighters capable of carrying ore on the lakes

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11
Q

Could carry 1,200 tons of ore.

A

R.J. Hackett

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12
Q

What did shippers use to speed the unloading of ore?

A

Steam engines

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13
Q

Were both markets for and transporters of manufactured steel.

A

Railroads

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14
Q

Literally created the Pennsylvania Steel Company.

A

Pennsylvania Railroad

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15
Q

Steel industry’s need for lubrication for its machines helped create another important industry.

A

Oil

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16
Q

Established the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

A

Edwin L. Lake

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17
Q

Brought the attention of the use of petroleum to the people.

A

George Bissell

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18
Q

Result of an extraction process developed in the late 19th century in the U.S. by which lubricating oil and fuel oil were removed separately from crude oil.

A

Gasoline (or petrol)

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19
Q

Used the expanding power of burning gas to drive pistons.

A

Internal combustion engine

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20
Q

A German who created a gas-powered “four stroke” engine in the mid-1860s, which was a precursor to automobile engines.

A

Nicolaus August Otto

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21
Q

They buil the first gasoline driven motor vechile in America in 1903.

A

Charles and Frank Duryea

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22
Q

Produced the first of the famous cars that would bear his name.

A

Henry Ford

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23
Q

They constructed a glider that could be propelled through the air by an internal combustion engine.

A

Wilbur and Orville Wright

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24
Q

Place of the Wright Brothers first test flight.

A

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

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25
Famous solo flight from New York to Paris electrified the nation and the world and helped make aviation a national obsession.
Charles Lidenbergh
26
Coincided with a decline in government support for research.
Corporate Research and Development
27
A growing connection between university based research and the needs of the industrial economy.
Transformation of Higher Education
28
Brought forth the principle that was known as "scientific management" and "Taylorism".
Frederick Winslow Taylor
29
A way to increase the employers control of the workplace, to make working less independent.
Taylorism
30
Cut the time for assembling a chassis from 12 and 1/2 hours to 1 and 1/2 hours
Moving Assembly Line
31
Enabled Ford ro raise the wages and reduce the hours of his workers while cutting the base price of his Model T from $950 in 1914 to $290 in 1929.
Moving Assembly Line
32
Principal form of transportation and gave industrialists access to distant markets and sources of raw materials.
Railroads
33
What emerged from railroads because of difference in time zones?
"Standard time"
34
Emerged after the Civil War, when railroad magnates and other industrialiats realized that no single person or group of limited partners, no matter how wealthy, could finance their great ventures.
The Corporation
35
Business organizations could raise money by selling stock to members of the public.
Laws of incorporation
36
They risked only the amount invetsed and not liable for any debts the corporation might accumalte beyond that.
Limited liability
37
Central figure of the steel corporation.
Andrew Carnegie
38
An associate who bought up coal mines and leased a part of the Mesabi iron range in Minnesota, operated a fleet of ore ships on the Great Lakes, and acquired railroads.
Henry Clay Frick
39
A banker who created the giant U.S. Steel Corporation
J. Pierpoint Morgan
40
Created a relatively small Chicago meatpacking company into a great national corporation.
Gustavus Swift
41
Patented a sewing machine in 1851 and created I.M. Singer and Company.
Isaac Singer
42
The genesis of modern business administration, that relied on the division of responsibilities, a carefully designed hierarchy of control, modern cost-accounting procedures, and perhaps a new breed of business executive.
Managerial techniques
43
Formed a layer of command between workers and owners.
"middle manager"
44
The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation.
"Horizontal intergration"
45
The taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function.
"Vertical intergartion
46
Known for his celebrated corporate empire of Standard Oil.
John D. Rockerfeller
47
Served as the leading symbol of monopoly.
John D. Rockerfeller
48
Informal agreements among various companies to stabilize rates and divide markets (in later yrs known as cartels).
Pool arrangements
49
"Cut throat competition".
Consolidation
50
pioneered by Standard Oil and perfected by the banker J.P. Morgan.
"Trust"
51
Stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shares.
"Trust"
52
A central corpoarate body that would buy up the stock of various members of the Standard Oil trust and establish direct, formal onwership of the corporations in the trust.
"Holding company"
53
Men who had begun their careers from positions of wealth and privilege.
The "Self-Made Man"
54
In human society only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace.
Social Darwinism
55
Said that society benefited from the elimination of the unfit and the survival of the strong and talented.
Herbet Spencer
56
"The growth of a large business is merely the survival of the fittest"
John D. Rockefeller
57
How was the economic system handled like a great and delicate machine functioning by natural and automatic rules?
"Invisible hand" of market forces
58
Determined all economic values-prices, wages, rents, interest rates at a level that was just to all concerned.
Law of supply and demand
59
People of great wealth had not only great power but great responsibility.
The Gospel of Wealth
60
Wrote in the Gospel of Wealth that the wealthy should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs as "trust funds" to be used for the good of the community.
Andrew Carnegie
61
Became a prominent spokesmen of private wealth by delivering one lecture called the "Acres of Diamond".
Russel Conwell
62
Originally a minister in a small town in Massachusetts but was driven from his pulpit as a result of a sex scandal.
Horatio Alger
63
Argued that civilization was not governed by natuarl selection but by human intelligence.
Lester Frank Ward
64
Led the Socialist Labor Party.
Daniel De Leon
65
Tried to explain why poverty exsisted admist the wealth created by the modern industry.
Henry George
66
Author of Progress and Poverty.
Henry George
67
The rising of land values due to growth of the society around the land.
"Unearned increment"
68
Whose Utopian novel Looking Backward, sold over a million copies.
Edward Bellamy
69
Would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more eaqually and eliminate poverty
"Single tax"
70
Bellamy labeled the vision in his novel this.
Nationalism
71
Control of the market by large corporate combinations.
Monopoly
72
Permitted industrial employers to pay for the passage of workers in advance and deduct the amount later from their wages.
Labor Contract Law
73
What new groups introduced heightened ethnic tensions?
Greek and Italian
74
A polyglot association, claiming 640,000 members, that included a variety of reform groups having little direct relationship with labor.
National Labor Union
75
A militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania
Molly Maguires
76
Strikers disputed rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis, destroyed equipment, and rioted in the streets of Pittsburgh and other cities.
The Great Railroad Strike
77
Illustrated how disputes between workers and employers could no longer be localized in the increasingly national economy.
The Great Railroad Strike
78
Major effort to create a genuinely national labor organization.
The Knights of Labor
79
Led the Knights of Labor.
Uriah S. Stephens
80
term that included all workers and most business and professional people.
"toiled"
81
Ran the woman's Bureau of the Knights.
Leonora Barry
82
In which workers would themselves control a large part of the economy.
Cooperative System
83
Rejecting the Knights idea of one big union for everybody, the Federation was an association of essentially autonomous craft unions and represented mainly skilled workers.
American Federation of Labor
84
Was a symbol of social chaos and radicalism.
Haymarket Sqaure
85
Terroism and violence.
Anarchism

APUSH (5 decks)

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