Chapter 17 Flashcards
The transport of particles across a cell membrane from high concentration low concentration is called:
A. facilitated transport
B. Diffusion
C. Active transport
B. Diffusion (Passive Transport)
Diffusion moves particles from a __ concentration to a __ concentration.
A) low to high
B) high to low
B) HIGH TO LOW
Diffusion moves particles from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration.
Active transport; moves ions against a ____ gradient.
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.
Facilitated transport: uses ___ channels to increase the rate of ___.
A) LIPID - HYDRATION
B) PROTEIN - DIFFUSION
C) ENZYMES - HYDRATION
D) LIPIDS - COMMUNICATION
B) PROTEIN - DIFFUSION
Facilitated transport uses PROTEIN channels to increase the rate of DIFFUSION.
The lipid bilayer contains ___ with unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in the carbon chains.
Phospholipids.
The lipid bilayer contains PHOSPHOLIPIDS with unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in the carbon chains.
The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and ___ molecules.
A) Sucrose
B) Cholesterol
C) Fatty acid
D) Protein
B) CHOLESTEROL
The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and CHOLESTEROL molecules.
The lipid bilayer contains ___, carbohydrates, and cholesterol molecules.
A) Fatty acids
B) Enzymes
C) Proteins
D) Sucrose
C) PROTEINS
The lipid bilayer contains PROTEINS, carbohydrates, and cholesterol molecules.
TRUE OR FALSE: The lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is rigid.
FALSE: The lipid bilayer is dynamic and fluid-like.
The cell membrane contains a lipid bilayer.
The lipid bilayer forms a membrane-type barrier with ___ heads at the membrane’s surfaces and ___ tails in the center, away from water.
A) POLAR - NONPOLAR
B) NONPOLAR - POLAR
A) POLAR - NONPOLAR
The cell membrane contains a lipid bilayer.
The lipid bilayer forms a membrane-type barrier with POLAR heads at the membrane’s surfaces and NONPOLAR tails in the center, away from water.
Cell membranes are semipermeable so that nutrients can ___ the cell and waste products can ___.
ENTER - LEAVE
Cell membranes are semipermeable so that nutrients can ENTER the cell and waste products can LEAVE.
Cell membranes consist of a _____ made of two rows of phospholipids.
LIPID BILAYER.
Cell membranes consist of a LIPID BILAYER made of two rows of phospholipids.
Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, steroid, or triacycglycerol:
A. Cholesterol
B. Stearic Acid
C. Glyceryl Tristearate
A. Cholesterol - STEROID
B. Stearic Acid - FATTY ACID
C. Glyceryl Tristearate - TRIACYGLYCEROL
Identify each of the following as a fatty acid, steroid, or triacycglycerol:
D. Estradiol
E. Contains NO fatty acids
D. Estradiol - STEROID
E. Contains NO fatty acids? - STEROID
Steroid hormones, also called Adrenal Corticosteroids, are produced by ____ located on the top of each ____ (organ).
ADRENAL GLANDS - KIDNEY
Steroid hormones, also called Adrenal Corticosteroids, are produced by ADRENAL GLANDS located on the top of each KIDNEY.
What is the purpose of aldosterone?
This hormone regulates ELECTROLYTES and WATER BALANCE by the kidneys.
What stress hormone is a glucocorticoid and increases blood gluclose level? It also stimulates the synthesis of GLYCOGEN in the liver.
CORTISONE.
CORTISONE,a glucocorticoid, increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of GLYCOGEN in the liver.
What trait does NOT belong to steroid hormones?
A) Produced from cholesterol.
B) Include female and male sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone/testosterone and androsterone.)
C) Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol molecules.
D) Include cortisone, a hormone associated with fear and stress.
C) Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol molecules.
This trait does NOT pertain to ADRENAL CORTICOSTEROIDS! It pertains to the lipid bilayer.
When large amounts of ____ accumulate in the human gallbladder, gallstones are formed.
CHOLESTEROL.
Glucose is a 1) ___ agent because it 1) ____ Cu2 to Cu.
1) Reducing/reduces
Fructose can be oxidized to 1) ___ because isomerization is when fructose (a ketose) rearranges into 1) ____ (a lactose).
1) Glucose
Fructose is ALSO a _______.
Reducing Sugar.
The reduction of a monosaccharide converts an aldehyde group into an alcohol group, producing sugar, which are also called 1) _______.
- Converts D-glucose into D-soubitol
1) Aditoles
Disaccarides are ______ ______ linked together.
Two Monosaccharides.
Glycosidic Bonds work to bond two monosaccharides.
Glucose + Glucose = 1) ______ + h20
Glucose + Galactose = 2) ______ + h20
Glucose + Fructose = 3) _____ + h20
1) maltose +h20
2) lactose + h20
3) sucrose + h20
TRUE OR FALSE:
Condensation is the process that happens to form a monosaccharide.
FALSE: Condensation is the process that happens to form DISACCHARIDES
Maltose is also known as 1) _____.
Food usage: It is used in 2) _____ and _____.
1) Malt Sugar, 2) cereal and brewing
Maltose/Malt Sugar: The 1) ______ bond is found on 2) ______ on carbon 3)___ and carbon ____ of the other molecule 4) ______.
1) Glycosidic bond,
2) a-OH,
3) Carbon 1 and carbon 4,
4) (1->4)
Lactose is found in milk and dairy products.
Formed with a 1) _______ and either an a- OR b- 2) _____.
Formed with a 1) B-galactose and either an a- or b- 2) glucose.
Sucrose is formed using a 1) ______ and a 2) _______.
1) a-glucose and 2) b-fructose
Sucrose is 1) ____ reducing sugar, 2) _____ maltose and lactose.
1) NOT a reducing sugar, 2) unlike maltose and lactose
Sucrose can NOT form a/an: 1) ______ or be 2) ______.
Sucrose can NOT form an: 1) open chain or be 2) odixidized.
Polysaccharides are joined together by what bond?
A) Covalent bonds
B) Ionic Bonds
C) Polar Bonds
D) Glycosidic Bonds
D) Glycosidic bonds.
Polysaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds.
Starch is the 1) _____ form of glucose in plants.
1) Storage form
Starch is VERY:
A) Soluble
B) Insoluble
B) insoluble
Starch is VERY insoluble!
Starch is an 1) _____ chain of 2) _____.
Starch is found in 3) ______.
1) unbranched
2) amylose
3) Rice ,wheat, potatoes, beans, and cereals.
Lipids can be defined as either…
A) _____ (long chain carbon carbolyxic acid)
or B) _______ (4 rings joined together)
A) Fatty acids (long chain carbon carbolyxic acid)
B) Steroids (4 rings joined together)
WHAT is the defining reason for Lipids being INSOLUBLE in water?
Because Lipids are NON-POLAR.
Fatty acids have a carbon chain between 1) ______
12-18 carbons
Saturated fatty acids contain 1) ____ C=C bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acids contain 2) _______ C=C bonds.
1) ZERO/NO C=C bonds.
2) ONE OR MORE C=C bonds
Lauric acid contains 1) ____ carbons and 2) ____ double bonds. Lauric acid is found from this edible source: 3) ______.
1) 12-18 carbons,
2) zero/no double bonds,
3) coconuts
